tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-39060508176867300862024-02-06T21:32:46.417-05:00Steve Horstmeyer's - Inside The ForecastHow the atmosphere works for those curious about weather and the world.Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.comBlogger57125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-32756957096665731562022-07-12T01:31:00.004-04:002022-07-12T13:04:53.620-04:00Outflow Boundaries and The 6 June 2022 Goshen, Ohio Tornado<p> </p><h3 style="text-align: left;"><b>The Tornadoes of 6 July 2022 near Cincinnati, OH, USA</b></h3><p>Around 3PM EDT 6 July 2022 three tornadoes touched down east of Cincinnati, two in Clermont County and one just east in Brown County. The maps below show the locations. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjXyEENkf65eQVifS6PgaVVdErVIxuOL6NJGxRPIq80KbSW6dhgRZrlfVjdSV78BxY2rFbhXSXvAvhjF4HwgwYykpKUErsckz2YQsSb8urmJ3LtUSVOn40-p8LJsAJkriWD-oltrYhlsa9QHVORaxVAOk5lvRPV-92CbE0vYduuNvi9ZI1L4pf_mZnw/s1570/map%20all.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1570" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjjXyEENkf65eQVifS6PgaVVdErVIxuOL6NJGxRPIq80KbSW6dhgRZrlfVjdSV78BxY2rFbhXSXvAvhjF4HwgwYykpKUErsckz2YQsSb8urmJ3LtUSVOn40-p8LJsAJkriWD-oltrYhlsa9QHVORaxVAOk5lvRPV-92CbE0vYduuNvi9ZI1L4pf_mZnw/w640-h402/map%20all.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ8ZghzVMWB3bJH7NmsWkNuXPaD73ELcz0Uz-VgairfiW1jXOmcqAtqE_Q-2RuSc0wupn0oZAFvCG2tkTyH-8hxZUWFSZt8jDzdEOxH0sADTGJ8mi6AAwEoA7sha28gmwK7K_m7umyHFTRzRcHzfNyGurzzf9MVUb6_BT7toxxUXMDEI0cFwZxsd_OUg/s1570/loveland.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1570" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZ8ZghzVMWB3bJH7NmsWkNuXPaD73ELcz0Uz-VgairfiW1jXOmcqAtqE_Q-2RuSc0wupn0oZAFvCG2tkTyH-8hxZUWFSZt8jDzdEOxH0sADTGJ8mi6AAwEoA7sha28gmwK7K_m7umyHFTRzRcHzfNyGurzzf9MVUb6_BT7toxxUXMDEI0cFwZxsd_OUg/w640-h402/loveland.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQmvY64cQFPLnlPti_4B2OM0HgbAMNXxDaaNBwyQgxbdl-X2oeOg4fxQpp2Mu53AGjZfkVTeUrgOhY2bewgMUctflmQB1m3t70npU5Ke48E-6h5lCbsAKd2QKO6ckrkdEbJD741cAWJK6ix2_iVOCmD60JZaQvlPWGaa0G1obiZRidwiWPoVF7doazyg/s1570/goshen.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1570" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQmvY64cQFPLnlPti_4B2OM0HgbAMNXxDaaNBwyQgxbdl-X2oeOg4fxQpp2Mu53AGjZfkVTeUrgOhY2bewgMUctflmQB1m3t70npU5Ke48E-6h5lCbsAKd2QKO6ckrkdEbJD741cAWJK6ix2_iVOCmD60JZaQvlPWGaa0G1obiZRidwiWPoVF7doazyg/w640-h402/goshen.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw57t0s1p4rQYNkJSF2Q7xx4cD68mMoQEdWGScusZd_sKZ0LByUF-CmdS8QCjjGIA31S3a_3hHPSDyoRh8GE7doCY-AhQI_yFKsBUCPX671AtVY-l_VqfK37tvcbn7wSsQ4vWLGeSRWz29rVI3Xkf_3m5uFRdHjW7AjiGFC8opuRtfJSdDrJP584jL6g/s1570/lake%20lorilei.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="984" data-original-width="1570" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw57t0s1p4rQYNkJSF2Q7xx4cD68mMoQEdWGScusZd_sKZ0LByUF-CmdS8QCjjGIA31S3a_3hHPSDyoRh8GE7doCY-AhQI_yFKsBUCPX671AtVY-l_VqfK37tvcbn7wSsQ4vWLGeSRWz29rVI3Xkf_3m5uFRdHjW7AjiGFC8opuRtfJSdDrJP584jL6g/w640-h402/lake%20lorilei.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">What Meteorologists Look for When Tracking Tornadoes on Radar</h3>The video below, with an audio narration, shows the movement of the severe thunderstorms and outflow boundaries resulting in the three tornadoes. Tools I used: RadarScope, a professional level radar analysis tool, GR2 Analyst for the Normalized Rotation (NROT) data, Google Earth Pro, Photoshop and Camtasia Studio.<div><br /></div><div>In the video I show the interaction of an Outflow Boundary (OFB) and the severe thunderstorm as it approaches. You will see how there is a sudden increase of strength as the storm interacts with the outflow boundary.<br /><div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="339" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ZzdX84a8P_U" width="481" youtube-src-id="ZzdX84a8P_U"></iframe></div><br /><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Conclusions: </b> </div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>The storm interacted with the outflow boundary and strengthened it just east of Goshen.</li><li>The OFB did not "cause" the tornado, because the storm was rotating before it interacted with the OFB.</li><li>The storm did not ride up and over the OFB the the rain cooled pool of air behind it as many storms do (videos below).</li><li>Most likely the OFB acted to increase surface convergence ahead of the updraft core, strengthening the updraft enough to increase the rotation through vertical stretching see video below). </li></ul><div><b>Stretching an Updraft and Increasing Rotation</b></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="350" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/oFZ2y3Mw8U4" width="669" youtube-src-id="oFZ2y3Mw8U4"></iframe></div><br /><div><br /></div></div></div><h3 style="text-align: left;">A Typical Thunderstorm - No Audio</h3><div><br /></div><div>The next video, from my YouTube library, shows a schematic of a typical thunderstorm. </div><div><br /></div><div>To be sure, "typical" does not mean all thunderstorms look exactly alike. You can pause the video and look at the diagram in more detail if you want to get a better feel for what's going on in and around a thunderstorm.</div><div><br /></div><div>You can pause the video for a closer look. Be sure to look at the "Forward Flank Downdraft" or "Gust Front" another name for an "Outflow Boundary" (OFB).<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="327" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/USPGu-u90lg" width="479" youtube-src-id="USPGu-u90lg"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The video below (this one has audio) shows how the pool of rain cooled air can increase lift, or upward motion, in a thunderstorm. In the Goshen tornado this may have played a part as the inflowing air wrapped around the rotation core and flowed into and upward through the storm.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">It is more likely in this case that an "low level inflow jet" flowed parallel to the OFB and was "squeezed" (another way of saying surface convergence was increased) as it flowed into the storm and intensified the updraft.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">I do not have enough radar evidence to be conclusive about this however.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="332" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QXP7EJQMO8o" width="509" youtube-src-id="QXP7EJQMO8o"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div></div></div><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><h3 style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Other Video Examples of Outflow Boundaries and Their Effects for You</h3></blockquote><p> All videos are silent.</p><div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="344" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/w-LOVWoYXk0" width="485" youtube-src-id="w-LOVWoYXk0"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="339" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/u-B2akfZUoI" width="482" youtube-src-id="u-B2akfZUoI"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="345" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UmQq8AjBmVc" width="473" youtube-src-id="UmQq8AjBmVc"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="339" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/EUwtWmmT_Xc" width="475" youtube-src-id="EUwtWmmT_Xc"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="350" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GgNWPpcPRaA" width="496" youtube-src-id="GgNWPpcPRaA"></iframe></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div></div></div>Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-41721229543274587912022-02-17T21:43:00.005-05:002022-02-17T22:28:31.539-05:00"Rogue" Thunderstorm 02.17.2022 Near Cincinnati, Ohio<p>We were watching the thunderstorm grow then scream to the northeast over Madison, IN and were amazed at the torrential rain, indications of hail on radar, and worried that it may mean a severe thunderstorm warning for Cincinnati metro. GR2Analyst indicated an extreme tilt, and Normalized Rotation (NROT) was zero. </p><p>In addition there was a small core of turbulence (spectrum width) which looked like a hail core. Echo tops were low, only about 20k feet and only a small amount of lightning was indicated. </p><p>In addition the cell's position just northeast of the surface low convinced me that the storm, which was behind the surface position of the cold front, formed on the frontal surface aloft and being elevated convection was not likely to pose a damaging wind threat.</p><p>The NWS in Wilmington tweeted that it was a "rogue storm" which fits because it is the only lightning producer in the Cincinnati area all day despite our expectations of more.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSmgxar-1A__13Mo7zyoux82_qIO0ruZ6_hQbkeABz3kAArib_8AA1CHhmV6ReD7Mh2DOefeChS9UyDYlY4JAdLXL7tRzSyAzNReVyg7HT8q2jyDZ8Lf0RJDvLJQqbW7cLfvAqB-QhnhpoPMf8HuDIGcyGqk_tMrPIkkiQAhX8E6zW89Y0kgDFvMNEqA=s2688" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2688" data-original-width="1242" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjSmgxar-1A__13Mo7zyoux82_qIO0ruZ6_hQbkeABz3kAArib_8AA1CHhmV6ReD7Mh2DOefeChS9UyDYlY4JAdLXL7tRzSyAzNReVyg7HT8q2jyDZ8Lf0RJDvLJQqbW7cLfvAqB-QhnhpoPMf8HuDIGcyGqk_tMrPIkkiQAhX8E6zW89Y0kgDFvMNEqA=w296-h640" title="Rogue Storm @NWSILN Tweet" width="296" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">@NWSILN Tweet</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPFRs8l74M21qSAVdmQPaODB7_fSxcnU8UMqZvIjcz5lk9iO3gSmFWeV3dsu3ocOCssnV2rQxhO6lBrRgSdod3VRSH4IIhlsDfz6kalttJFSIvUnewhHEtIspx1qQYam0jrLOVLnJUDZ1XwYh8OVNXzdc0AmxlJ9VyBYEd7xxYdKCzWkqAdabnfBzIAA=s1227" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1227" data-original-width="621" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiPFRs8l74M21qSAVdmQPaODB7_fSxcnU8UMqZvIjcz5lk9iO3gSmFWeV3dsu3ocOCssnV2rQxhO6lBrRgSdod3VRSH4IIhlsDfz6kalttJFSIvUnewhHEtIspx1qQYam0jrLOVLnJUDZ1XwYh8OVNXzdc0AmxlJ9VyBYEd7xxYdKCzWkqAdabnfBzIAA=w324-h640" width="324" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rogue Storm passes over Madison, IN heading to Cincinnati</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgKH6SuYpl6G5ugDtgpjHvbjxqBrbouYhRxY2BLftvS11aH-QS0Oya31Hjaf3LJ1WGWfqojL-YwQTyfNkdkpHY67yYf-dCGh5URBtVOmpgAQlDv4rHNoh0CEcYnkbiIbUZdb9ZjPUPThiEURuC9a7i1MKFKgc1LflDWB3RHo4rD3RLm8txl0_Dr7f-blQ=s2688" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2688" data-original-width="1242" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgKH6SuYpl6G5ugDtgpjHvbjxqBrbouYhRxY2BLftvS11aH-QS0Oya31Hjaf3LJ1WGWfqojL-YwQTyfNkdkpHY67yYf-dCGh5URBtVOmpgAQlDv4rHNoh0CEcYnkbiIbUZdb9ZjPUPThiEURuC9a7i1MKFKgc1LflDWB3RHo4rD3RLm8txl0_Dr7f-blQ=w296-h640" width="296" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Close up of Rogue Storm</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0Mt_HhI1uS9uCmfTPIb95RAhzB6lm1TAXd7cyibhNKEutI5V4AvfqqR_Or8DXoQy1Y3JmTwoSdJZfr-wopzpObTVEhXqfY0S9fbfNdtiZYU0lA3Oj8Qd6VeAGyN4c1tPAyBNwa2SMsMjpJkDS5HTIvLDmgXLy_sTaV0EHZJJmsTbKGBmFlTdMDc_FPA=s960" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="539" data-original-width="960" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEg0Mt_HhI1uS9uCmfTPIb95RAhzB6lm1TAXd7cyibhNKEutI5V4AvfqqR_Or8DXoQy1Y3JmTwoSdJZfr-wopzpObTVEhXqfY0S9fbfNdtiZYU0lA3Oj8Qd6VeAGyN4c1tPAyBNwa2SMsMjpJkDS5HTIvLDmgXLy_sTaV0EHZJJmsTbKGBmFlTdMDc_FPA=w640-h360" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">HRRR MODEL OUTPUT - 850mb Jet east of arrows - animated gif</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div>ABOVE:</div><div>HRRR 18z Run 02.17.2022 (from pivotalweather.com)</div><div>First panel 18z Initial</div><div>55kt - 65kt 850mb jet over West Central KY</div><div>Temp at 850mb 9°C to 10°C</div><div>Temp Advection 5°C / hr on the nose of jet</div><div>Circle = 850 frontogenesis - circle is 2°C / 100km / 3hrs</div><div><br /></div><div>Second Panel 21z Forecast</div><div>50kt to 80kt 850 jet - nose south of Cincinnati</div><div>Temp 9°C to 10°C Madison IN</div><div>Temp Advection 3°C to 4°C same area nose of jet</div><div>Circles = Frontogenesis has doubled around Cincinnati</div><br /><br /><br /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlwl4lHZ0dFdYLfVdX1GFXHunU7gVcKe6ay7mtwmsZaAMR25vqaLSFCWUzgOSygRMpm0GbgL37PrclgRyUufRlHoH2_6JlELNGjeR1-oZ8ooHwz3Yb8LCiJpbfrj_uJuwhrgxKaZMRuJBkCQr3Qu3ncMvMf5eie84R77RmxuL2mq9QJayiiNGkYMvTJw=s1170" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1170" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhlwl4lHZ0dFdYLfVdX1GFXHunU7gVcKe6ay7mtwmsZaAMR25vqaLSFCWUzgOSygRMpm0GbgL37PrclgRyUufRlHoH2_6JlELNGjeR1-oZ8ooHwz3Yb8LCiJpbfrj_uJuwhrgxKaZMRuJBkCQr3Qu3ncMvMf5eie84R77RmxuL2mq9QJayiiNGkYMvTJw=w640-h394" width="640" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">SURFACE MAP 21Z 02.17.2022 using Digital Atmosphere</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p>Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-72299324401816031882020-08-11T14:23:00.005-04:002020-08-12T01:12:54.296-04:00Blitzkrieg Weather: The Derecho<p style="text-align: justify;"> <span face="" style="color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;">It may seem odd that the title this post contains two words from languages other than English. The German word</span><span face="" style="color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;">blitzkrieg</strong><span face="" style="color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><span face="" style="color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;">meaning "lightning war" and the Spanish</span><span face="" style="color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;"> </span><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;">derecho </strong><span face="" style="color: #282828; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px;">meaning "straight ahead" (pronounced day-RAY-cho). So first some history.</span></p><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px; text-align: left;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">HISTORICAL BACKGROUND</strong></p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;">In 1863 Dr. Gustavus Detlef Hinrichs joined the faculty of the University of Iowa and taught physical science. In 1875 he organized the Iowa Weather Service, the first state weather service in the United States. In 1877 he published Volume 1 No. 1 of the<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"> Iowa Weather Bulletin</strong></em>.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnnKOFs49264Px3OMoUEU9zq0yk8DgHSOWidc83aqhkW7hlnf0J8nAIHJWqIZydbIbY9BqYvQ0yAR8bDWMriRizzceAedcpRFSD2lXGfBTABdgWCM4p6koxE1zQ4qyyKsx7p2L7G-CE4Du/s350/Gustavus_Detlef_Hinrichs_1868.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnnKOFs49264Px3OMoUEU9zq0yk8DgHSOWidc83aqhkW7hlnf0J8nAIHJWqIZydbIbY9BqYvQ0yAR8bDWMriRizzceAedcpRFSD2lXGfBTABdgWCM4p6koxE1zQ4qyyKsx7p2L7G-CE4Du/s0/Gustavus_Detlef_Hinrichs_1868.jpg" /></a></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><br /></p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;">In 1888 Dr. Hinrichs coined the term "<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">derecho</strong>" to describe a line of severe wind storms that crossed Iowa on July 31, 1877. Below is his map from that publication showing how the derecho crossed the entire state causing damage all the way.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyQybw8x2Q8Wq0eXFKM-YFVvfsuIf29SU1ispzbe34sB_0FVt2pkOz7zRPgps6UdNz_sPzUUjHEHVT29Zm4N1ssU2iMHLrcXVT9EOdQNn-y2pucC37r6P_9htACA5T9VcFL6tEizJM0qQH/s600/hinrichs2-sized.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="600" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyQybw8x2Q8Wq0eXFKM-YFVvfsuIf29SU1ispzbe34sB_0FVt2pkOz7zRPgps6UdNz_sPzUUjHEHVT29Zm4N1ssU2iMHLrcXVT9EOdQNn-y2pucC37r6P_9htACA5T9VcFL6tEizJM0qQH/s0/hinrichs2-sized.jpg" /></a></div></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;">As Dr. Hinrichs discovered in his research, a derecho is a strong line of thunderstorms. He used the Spanish word for "straight ahead" to describe the main cause of damage - <strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">straight line winds. </strong> As the story goes he wanted to be consistent with the term tornado which is also rooted in the Spanish language.</p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;">Tornado is from the Spanish verb "<strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">tornar</strong>" meaning to turn. Because both words, derecho and tornado, are derived from Spanish the plural forms of both derecho and tornado do not use the letter "e" before the "s". So the plural is derechos NOT derechoes and tornados NOT tornadoes. However "tornadoes" is more commonly used.</p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;">The name derecho was soon forgotten but finally resurrected in 1987 by National Severe Storms Forecast Center meteorologists Robert Johns and William Hirt in their paper, "<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">Derechos: Convectively Induced Windstorms</strong></em>" (Weather and Forecasting, Vol.2 page 32).</p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;">That other foreign word in the title, the German term "Blitzkrieg", means "lightning war". During WWII it was a way of doing battle by striking fast and forcefully and quickly breaking through the defenses of the enemy. It is also very descriptive of how a derecho causes damage.<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" /><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">WHAT IS A DERECHO</strong></p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;">A derecho is a long, line of thunderstorms (to the meteorologist a linear mesoscale convective system or linear MCS) that can live 12 hours or more, travel hundreds of miles and all the while generate straight-line winds in excess of 100 mph. While straight-line winds are its main feature tornadoes can be spawned and flooding rains and large hail can occur.<br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" /> <br style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;" />The image below is a radar history of the costly derecho of June 29-30, 2012 that visited the FOX19 NOW viewing area. It was the deadliest and most destructive derecho in American history. As many as 28 people lost their lives and 4 million lost power (1 million in Ohio). The highest wind gust was 91 mph in Fort Wayne, IN and hail as large as 2.75" in diameter fell in Bismarck, IL. It traveled 600 miles and lasted 18 hours.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4p0AyiIKgvUXsLp-qJobYCRkalqUkxWsaxt7Pjs3lYn0MHqiQlnPE2zOGd8GyEl2fXd4Q67AzhPXwQitf12Wqi4dPar7DF6dyKvtRGB7vxVLJ0NyBejdokLgJM0ZsLpL8ovnceDeUYKQx/s964/6-29-2012_Derecho.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="714" data-original-width="964" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4p0AyiIKgvUXsLp-qJobYCRkalqUkxWsaxt7Pjs3lYn0MHqiQlnPE2zOGd8GyEl2fXd4Q67AzhPXwQitf12Wqi4dPar7DF6dyKvtRGB7vxVLJ0NyBejdokLgJM0ZsLpL8ovnceDeUYKQx/s640/6-29-2012_Derecho.jpg" width="640" /></a></div></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;"><br /></strong></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">MORE THAN ONE TYPE OF DERECHO</strong></p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">Serial Derecho</strong> - Most of the time a serial derecho is composed of a series of linked bow echoes in the warm sector and straddling the warm or stationary front.</p><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkyrjElvB_rtyRABF2XYNGJrB55XkThbR0E5OQlrSxWcYglhZAkFpfry-R5jQaUeblW_G01jKizCD2PAPPQ-Xzhxb9RMHP8epuyWBC2wxc8iE_BMnAfYpUkvta1krev9FFd8BPerq-5Uea/s1280/Steve+SERIAL_DERECHO.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkyrjElvB_rtyRABF2XYNGJrB55XkThbR0E5OQlrSxWcYglhZAkFpfry-R5jQaUeblW_G01jKizCD2PAPPQ-Xzhxb9RMHP8epuyWBC2wxc8iE_BMnAfYpUkvta1krev9FFd8BPerq-5Uea/s640/Steve+SERIAL_DERECHO.png" width="640" /></a></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><br /></p></div></div><div class="card collection-item card-embedded-content" data-type="image" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><figure style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><div class="width-full img-container" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #f9f9f9; box-sizing: border-box; width: 770.063px;"><img alt="" class="b-lazy width-full" data-src="https://www.fox19.com/resizer/YKlIAk_4DNjZyoVj6l72g7V5CS4=/1400x0/WXIX.images.worldnow.com/images/10169071_G.png" src="https://www.fox19.com/resizer/YPPkSYzdhgnO-PTTt6e0E43PwKY=/0x10/WXIX.images.worldnow.com/images/10169071_G.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-height: calc(100vh - 200px); max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></div></figure></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">Progressive Derecho</strong> - The classic progressive derecho consists of a single big bow echo, but it can be multiple bow echoes, straddling a warm or stationary front and pushed to the east or southeast by strong winds in the lower and middle atmosphere.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2_bA-nobZ0XMeG0lIulM7s7n31gE77nztz9lHqqwaPqtQmjaD2K2mwH4x7iKfLoitf_ROd1beQIUdPRCdVJzdee1q3tAGRdcUkzkLrgaTw8vqBKWmHq22tb5SWJVYM8XXASwMOLaDbveI/s1280/Steve+Progressive_Derecho.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2_bA-nobZ0XMeG0lIulM7s7n31gE77nztz9lHqqwaPqtQmjaD2K2mwH4x7iKfLoitf_ROd1beQIUdPRCdVJzdee1q3tAGRdcUkzkLrgaTw8vqBKWmHq22tb5SWJVYM8XXASwMOLaDbveI/s640/Steve+Progressive_Derecho.png" width="640" /></a></div><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><br /></p></div></div><div class="card collection-item card-embedded-content" data-type="image" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><figure style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px;"><div class="width-full img-container" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; background-color: #f9f9f9; box-sizing: border-box; width: 770.063px;"><img alt="" class="b-lazy width-full" data-src="https://www.fox19.com/resizer/S75Rzro27_cPPiLMbmEHbyi0tAw=/1400x0/WXIX.images.worldnow.com/images/10169068_G.png" src="https://www.fox19.com/resizer/Hz_kQaxW5EblWJKA_uj_FNPvlqk=/0x10/WXIX.images.worldnow.com/images/10169068_G.png" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-height: calc(100vh - 200px); max-width: 100%; width: auto;" /></div></figure></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">Hybrid Derecho</strong> - It has characteristic of both progressive and serial derechos.</p></div></div><div class="card collection-item" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><strong style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box;">Low Dew Point Derecho </strong>- Mainly a late fall to early spring phenomenon when the humidity of summer has withdrawn into the deep south. This is essentially a series of dry thunderstorm downbursts and has not received much study.</p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><b><br /></b></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><b>PROGRESSIVE DERECHO OF AUGUST 10, 2020</b></p></div></div><div class="card collection-item card-border-bottom card-border-bottom-thick card-border-bottom-dark" data-type="text" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; color: #282828; font-family: oswald, helvetica, sans-serif;"><div class="card-content card-article" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; padding: 10px 0px;"><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"><b><br /></b></p><p style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "pt serif", helvetica, serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 1.47; margin: 0px;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjmaVLBPsWHONtkUGPASWI-jHzE4SX99oaKX9043JlQTg7pPuc0rsweR3lLYRUae8oKALVps-9Kk_cJzehGxKV7FpBu4iKWurwAM4W85Fkc1oNqTNkOcaP77uwcuy488q2FhMmBKFg47oN/s1423/RadarMosaic.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="1423" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjmaVLBPsWHONtkUGPASWI-jHzE4SX99oaKX9043JlQTg7pPuc0rsweR3lLYRUae8oKALVps-9Kk_cJzehGxKV7FpBu4iKWurwAM4W85Fkc1oNqTNkOcaP77uwcuy488q2FhMmBKFg47oN/s640/RadarMosaic.png" width="640" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWs6MiMzN9yaoY4MGrPd73esDXDjnv7zf7AqlAu-DjDEgx3tDCET-s811RqqASt9O0eygo25tidhpVFSDpXgJKv9Z9N9bxufS_p1AY22bC24U9TyAJySvZZ0p8YXywXEEtbl1m9ZNmwgN9/s960/SevereSummary.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="540" data-original-width="960" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWs6MiMzN9yaoY4MGrPd73esDXDjnv7zf7AqlAu-DjDEgx3tDCET-s811RqqASt9O0eygo25tidhpVFSDpXgJKv9Z9N9bxufS_p1AY22bC24U9TyAJySvZZ0p8YXywXEEtbl1m9ZNmwgN9/s640/SevereSummary.png" width="640" /></a></div><b><br /></b><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Derecho Aug 10, 2020" height="428" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/FOX19/derecho.gif" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" title="Derecho of Aug 10, 2020" width="640" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Derecho of August 10, 2020 <br />Animation generated at <a href="http://weather.rap.ucar.edu/radar/">http://weather.rap.ucar.edu/radar/</a> <br />then screen captured with Camtasia and rendered as a gif</td></tr></tbody></table><p></p>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-16049799381597490422020-05-03T17:18:00.002-04:002020-05-04T21:51:19.970-04:00Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana Tornadoes 1950 through 2018<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;">I am currently working on collecting and manually entering preliminary latitude and longitude coordinates along with other information from NWS Forecast Office tornado surveys to update the map through 2019 and into 2020.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">The data here are from the official NOAA SPC database updated and quality controlled in September 2019 through the year 2018.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It may take some time to load the 23 columns of data for <span style="background-color: yellow;">3559 tornadoes</span> that touched down in Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana from 01.01.1950 through 12.31.2018. Your system may also run a bit slow but I have tested both mobile and desktop versions and have found no other problems.</span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">1. Install Google Earth first (it is Free)</span></h2>
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2. Use the link below for the OK KY IN tornado .kmz file </span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><a href="https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1CAbZ8my5pUQR5SKrqDlnTOrDbLWaq3d-?usp=sharing" style="background-color: yellow;">CLICK HERE: Access to .kmz file for Google Earth</a></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;">3. Download the OKI TORNADOES.kmz and open</span></h2>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-61391321632277226262020-04-15T00:05:00.000-04:002020-04-20T14:00:46.555-04:0019 Weak Tornadoes: April 8-9, 2020 Near Cincinnati, Ohio<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Click on any image for a larger version</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Current Through 12:20 am 04.17.2020</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSL_XGXF82faZi-2-UEoMHoOXaYEwrKMPIQ8xAnEvMWX-Ey27GVGnANl1CxHfd5BL15e8bUd464y89K7k1Ak4PORt91MLspa5Y_yJOrDfWttmcrgknWCo209NeH5xZ3itap2zhv5PPVdrW/s1600/19+tracks2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="993" data-original-width="1600" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjSL_XGXF82faZi-2-UEoMHoOXaYEwrKMPIQ8xAnEvMWX-Ey27GVGnANl1CxHfd5BL15e8bUd464y89K7k1Ak4PORt91MLspa5Y_yJOrDfWttmcrgknWCo209NeH5xZ3itap2zhv5PPVdrW/s640/19+tracks2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtRZhGwgQRVAyWWeTDvoVQ0PNIfIC_DeTrVL2PxLsRCd3bUCfe9LzMnxeKGrh79zsc9cCiRFJAJEcrNx8lQ9gtbaOvtBnSexby_PWAA_VUEemj1riqyScb49PztZLye67wDvNPCR0skt0G/s1600/19FirstTDbak.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="990" data-original-width="1600" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtRZhGwgQRVAyWWeTDvoVQ0PNIfIC_DeTrVL2PxLsRCd3bUCfe9LzMnxeKGrh79zsc9cCiRFJAJEcrNx8lQ9gtbaOvtBnSexby_PWAA_VUEemj1riqyScb49PztZLye67wDvNPCR0skt0G/s640/19FirstTDbak.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Touchdown locations of the 19 Tornadoes on April 8-9, 2020</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKM5l-lJ2Ma2-yJF2aaT7JTXCYOFsxj2GilsGtsEiisIbW3aKJ5rOiAyHG-Xm6GCj3p8TUOjdTfOnQULevsyq3YR1Mc55GQenAxWttrrNLUhUaGGLvTSBs6hCpjzWP8Xts5gj1BWNnyR3N/s1600/Versailles.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKM5l-lJ2Ma2-yJF2aaT7JTXCYOFsxj2GilsGtsEiisIbW3aKJ5rOiAyHG-Xm6GCj3p8TUOjdTfOnQULevsyq3YR1Mc55GQenAxWttrrNLUhUaGGLvTSBs6hCpjzWP8Xts5gj1BWNnyR3N/s640/Versailles.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #1 Versailles, IN, Ripley Co.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/1Versailles.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCk99njj2u7-3WcFGNZMduQRX1lI1V-QSSSIrpN6aZvOyqju9APluZOYMfnmYvXCDr7Q67uenx45jab0n1igIZiHa2plzQanlIrrGKLDycewHC_RaqP6SLhsdL0-MFhyphenhyphen10N8ln07TtlJct/s1600/Friendship.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCk99njj2u7-3WcFGNZMduQRX1lI1V-QSSSIrpN6aZvOyqju9APluZOYMfnmYvXCDr7Q67uenx45jab0n1igIZiHa2plzQanlIrrGKLDycewHC_RaqP6SLhsdL0-MFhyphenhyphen10N8ln07TtlJct/s640/Friendship.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #2 north of Friendship, IN, Ripley Co.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/2Friendship.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvKa6ULBXCFnhvkthKJ9ylBjw3pk5KDLfMrzZPFFgn1iS2cDfMO5Z1cohzyP0QK_wpabIXIphyphenhyphen1V2MR0haUZ8xrRQpC0oauV8jKTdXBgz6fhHEXM7Kr4D9uR0SNMARHXiudP3KdlTaYxHZ/s1600/Dillsboro.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1175" data-original-width="1600" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvKa6ULBXCFnhvkthKJ9ylBjw3pk5KDLfMrzZPFFgn1iS2cDfMO5Z1cohzyP0QK_wpabIXIphyphenhyphen1V2MR0haUZ8xrRQpC0oauV8jKTdXBgz6fhHEXM7Kr4D9uR0SNMARHXiudP3KdlTaYxHZ/s640/Dillsboro.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #3 starts south of Dillsboro, IN in southern </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Dearborn Co. ends in rural Ohio County, IN</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/3Dillsboro.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheXumr12ZUjAHSSm4ji_Pl4FDM_SvF-WXWrfmFxCH4UaPzpAVn1-XIcAnbrorSYmDPHc76fiLJAfctu9jrQQwEcq35M7mppR0fkZC4clDTPs_g3Ga65O2mlaE5d2-HjIk-AXskPbGrcesn/s1600/Rising+Sun.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1175" data-original-width="1600" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheXumr12ZUjAHSSm4ji_Pl4FDM_SvF-WXWrfmFxCH4UaPzpAVn1-XIcAnbrorSYmDPHc76fiLJAfctu9jrQQwEcq35M7mppR0fkZC4clDTPs_g3Ga65O2mlaE5d2-HjIk-AXskPbGrcesn/s640/Rising+Sun.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #4 starts in rural Ohio County, IN and </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">ends </span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">just south of Rising Sun, IN</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/4RisingSun.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTkXuTfLnl3i1cn6Jkjtk2y226HVymzcoG21z8AKTD_Tim2Wgt2qOZs9h3U_T3LNdWBAJJRFm-DwcQV0EcRvE7f8UFFxdTjNq7pNUchleO7hsxjXwyfpDCKT64WeJJZO3bLMKSL108tPJQ/s1600/Warsaw.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTkXuTfLnl3i1cn6Jkjtk2y226HVymzcoG21z8AKTD_Tim2Wgt2qOZs9h3U_T3LNdWBAJJRFm-DwcQV0EcRvE7f8UFFxdTjNq7pNUchleO7hsxjXwyfpDCKT64WeJJZO3bLMKSL108tPJQ/s640/Warsaw.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #5 Just east of Warsaw, KY in Gallatin Co, KY</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/5Warsaw.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Mg-69PUrFLIKSvKenY6TVUcAJlxLh15zI05BOmIOayFa2vqaRNtp96078SMNsDgS1r86kKy3vDu3GUNwEm_tlugY54higMF7ekqePjaiRYDSP-mMtoFuL7Or3lghkEtF-1F6ltEi4E7n/s1600/Dry+Ridge.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5Mg-69PUrFLIKSvKenY6TVUcAJlxLh15zI05BOmIOayFa2vqaRNtp96078SMNsDgS1r86kKy3vDu3GUNwEm_tlugY54higMF7ekqePjaiRYDSP-mMtoFuL7Or3lghkEtF-1F6ltEi4E7n/s640/Dry+Ridge.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #6 Northwest of Dry Ridge, KY in Grant Co.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/6DryRidge.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7y3vRuhrQHbo-06pkRSxJ29PUgqlZHeGSScZ5F6dcz5MbnQUPLpJ0qA54l8py-owXs28u-Zu4zUg1VdXKA_xpSfMQexH8SPcRzBbn1s30l5nZAuD7EPZbo60mjeD7TkXYzMOIJ9-2qBCZ/s1600/Falmouth.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="993" data-original-width="1600" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7y3vRuhrQHbo-06pkRSxJ29PUgqlZHeGSScZ5F6dcz5MbnQUPLpJ0qA54l8py-owXs28u-Zu4zUg1VdXKA_xpSfMQexH8SPcRzBbn1s30l5nZAuD7EPZbo60mjeD7TkXYzMOIJ9-2qBCZ/s640/Falmouth.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #7 Across southern Pendleton </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">County, KY south of Falmouth</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/7Falmouth.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZjpjGkqVh-oK6V4WvQcIGPlRlCcGQP7XLsF5hdE_dMTW5w1PVt7PfjuAMCemwJHgSUImqBHsSkxrRNXTrVbCkmolzLrmoZ4aEBNiZ-MdvQh5ST6NlPCAn_9MqoQ2kObDqMjfandMyMACb/s1600/Mt+Olivet.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZjpjGkqVh-oK6V4WvQcIGPlRlCcGQP7XLsF5hdE_dMTW5w1PVt7PfjuAMCemwJHgSUImqBHsSkxrRNXTrVbCkmolzLrmoZ4aEBNiZ-MdvQh5ST6NlPCAn_9MqoQ2kObDqMjfandMyMACb/s640/Mt+Olivet.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #8 North of Mt. Olivet, Robertson County, KY</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/8MtOlivet.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE5ghR8FJLDxIN7IeYYzVFQNhRF_gErfubBTlAT1AB7Qrz2HHws2C_wdZkhd0px-sVDMbtxNHR9jCM4KDMzpfXwFCVK8twxMEiaGxXGPyrbEPiUw6QbnHkQU0_YVhcnb0xkVsnIx91k4I-/s1600/Mayslick.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiE5ghR8FJLDxIN7IeYYzVFQNhRF_gErfubBTlAT1AB7Qrz2HHws2C_wdZkhd0px-sVDMbtxNHR9jCM4KDMzpfXwFCVK8twxMEiaGxXGPyrbEPiUw6QbnHkQU0_YVhcnb0xkVsnIx91k4I-/s640/Mayslick.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #9 Near Mays Lick, soutern Mason County, KY</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/9MaysLick.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mrmliBC4R7xqXfRd90LSfcF1xJHoJRtg_j4NhqStZvyRsm-UzxyG3nG661DGx7q3b0FOx7u_6rmPVX6JjISr-knqcU5nIPjaY6ExLEsTp8EMOrLcOZ-l7ss3_bTaOfvke2oUjU1wo7Cp/s1600/Edenton.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5mrmliBC4R7xqXfRd90LSfcF1xJHoJRtg_j4NhqStZvyRsm-UzxyG3nG661DGx7q3b0FOx7u_6rmPVX6JjISr-knqcU5nIPjaY6ExLEsTp8EMOrLcOZ-l7ss3_bTaOfvke2oUjU1wo7Cp/s640/Edenton.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #10 Near Edenton, OH, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">northern Clermont County, OH</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/10Edenton.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6GC2RLXlFBIWqiGw-w-5Q61-ti3YEvIK_JWmdkitDNVuF4sNcaxbtwu79mBr5qt2yvVpj0cyAwoJWG54Kh-35QO6pbhFiJVvGUxh0cuUyLvazXiII8XYp81ECpunggAJ7f6ZQ5UZDGnL8/s1600/Blanchester.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6GC2RLXlFBIWqiGw-w-5Q61-ti3YEvIK_JWmdkitDNVuF4sNcaxbtwu79mBr5qt2yvVpj0cyAwoJWG54Kh-35QO6pbhFiJVvGUxh0cuUyLvazXiII8XYp81ECpunggAJ7f6ZQ5UZDGnL8/s640/Blanchester.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #11 From southeast of Blanchester in southern </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Clinton County Ohio into rural northern Brown County, Ohio.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/11Blanchester.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeJsqiOvW9D-sAIiBmNzYYIeXR4F2Yl1KnRu99_eoYlKU9-3qcLNJgMgjGfMln622uewicp63pqioFazD5lMyPlgJqC8sPlNYDb5qaupxNVnSSV1shLamctYEPHyuhB4JxObU4ldZWWolJ/s1600/Lake+Lorelei.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgeJsqiOvW9D-sAIiBmNzYYIeXR4F2Yl1KnRu99_eoYlKU9-3qcLNJgMgjGfMln622uewicp63pqioFazD5lMyPlgJqC8sPlNYDb5qaupxNVnSSV1shLamctYEPHyuhB4JxObU4ldZWWolJ/s640/Lake+Lorelei.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #12 Newtonsville, OH in northern Clermont </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">County to Lake Lorelei, northern Brown County Ohio</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/12NewtonsvilleLorelei.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMubrztTuEVvmN3N03rsUIsu9gspuzAdL2Tipn7wOyZ51unnbXAss0fzrozpE44wQwZEwZ-BmemNMU08JlSsKqmXCEx8SQdncM4PBZ6xTG3jXwpPDDaQWnsX3D5HYKJiEQztEUw0CV7Gg/s1600/Fayetteville.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1215" data-original-width="1600" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigMubrztTuEVvmN3N03rsUIsu9gspuzAdL2Tipn7wOyZ51unnbXAss0fzrozpE44wQwZEwZ-BmemNMU08JlSsKqmXCEx8SQdncM4PBZ6xTG3jXwpPDDaQWnsX3D5HYKJiEQztEUw0CV7Gg/s640/Fayetteville.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #13 From south of Lake Lorelei to </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">south </span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">of Fayetteville, Ohio in Brown County.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/13Fayetteville.png" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jsO0BgJYV05_jVI5YwE5kB15ZTZ53AtSo4JihBSL4bXwzWVWZ6s1fagRKJ00FucBOdaNbnIYesYxs7uf_e9iXb5G7wqgHwpgimNRN0uWAej0RXh-Ba1D4YUEBX3jx8d_oSiJr2DB5Eef/s1600/Indian+Hill.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1175" data-original-width="1600" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5jsO0BgJYV05_jVI5YwE5kB15ZTZ53AtSo4JihBSL4bXwzWVWZ6s1fagRKJ00FucBOdaNbnIYesYxs7uf_e9iXb5G7wqgHwpgimNRN0uWAej0RXh-Ba1D4YUEBX3jx8d_oSiJr2DB5Eef/s640/Indian+Hill.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #14 From near Kenwood across </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Indian Hill</span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"> in Hamilton County, Ohio.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/14IndianHill.png" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipTZ4fRFXx_g-ntwvqWPCMg8zqvZh_KYtUdXpoWgdlsdIvDX69J0VLVzqe-Q0JLUuxhZ0T_q_uEKXct_coj8JIjiLw_CYe6dYgbfLtaCdvP-TPt5qI1RGjoFJ0XlelKyP_aOX0Nytyq8NQ/s1600/15Colerain-MtHealthy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="993" data-original-width="1600" height="396" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipTZ4fRFXx_g-ntwvqWPCMg8zqvZh_KYtUdXpoWgdlsdIvDX69J0VLVzqe-Q0JLUuxhZ0T_q_uEKXct_coj8JIjiLw_CYe6dYgbfLtaCdvP-TPt5qI1RGjoFJ0XlelKyP_aOX0Nytyq8NQ/s640/15Colerain-MtHealthy.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #15 From near Northgate Mall across </span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Springfield Township and Mt. Healthy past </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Finneytown</span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"> into Wyoming, Hamilton County, Ohio.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/15MtHealthy.png" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0d_9cIHFSyaI0aq_ik8kbEdBRNfIXGB8nZ0GjSdLF-rL8Wta5xC9vzF7UaSG2tIzlfIgDMj1MG3fNoYeW7u4e3Y7bqYFFJL5ijnUib11f6xqNAf7UCr7PpwWLhOKqH8uuFTBVrLMJ1Bmm/s1600/16CrossPlains1T.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1185" data-original-width="1600" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0d_9cIHFSyaI0aq_ik8kbEdBRNfIXGB8nZ0GjSdLF-rL8Wta5xC9vzF7UaSG2tIzlfIgDMj1MG3fNoYeW7u4e3Y7bqYFFJL5ijnUib11f6xqNAf7UCr7PpwWLhOKqH8uuFTBVrLMJ1Bmm/s640/16CrossPlains1T.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #16 Far southwestern Ohio County, IN</span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/16CrossPlains.png" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #17 Cross Plains, Ripley County, IN</span><span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/17CrossPlains2.png" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhol_fWceTB_5KRE5EkJuGTqhC4FmfLF8LgjEORUZ4Em67wu_Ekg7qEbd9mxlBPJl-59_Sv7H2t-01zlxoTuoOxHUe4I5cMJOVQot0Auk3I1hSYcsFWhwRmscEtk45yKcXKaA1mOBoSj-f8/s1600/18SWDearbornT.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1185" data-original-width="1600" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhol_fWceTB_5KRE5EkJuGTqhC4FmfLF8LgjEORUZ4Em67wu_Ekg7qEbd9mxlBPJl-59_Sv7H2t-01zlxoTuoOxHUe4I5cMJOVQot0Auk3I1hSYcsFWhwRmscEtk45yKcXKaA1mOBoSj-f8/s640/18SWDearbornT.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #18 Between Farmers Retreat and Dillsboro, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Dearborn County, IN</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/18SWDearborn.png" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgmQjzVrBk6uFLdROctV921wLXKqaSbmDiu1g9VscKbse-IpZRWf18u2zcKf-fyYnPGI908vWOJrwqlsKSxGdQ4JJ790F_JdqnUU6M4SV8OguJbdl0E53QsSGZ7oWw0OOZqIhv89FsYep/s1600/19BrachtPinerT.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1185" data-original-width="1600" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpgmQjzVrBk6uFLdROctV921wLXKqaSbmDiu1g9VscKbse-IpZRWf18u2zcKf-fyYnPGI908vWOJrwqlsKSxGdQ4JJ790F_JdqnUU6M4SV8OguJbdl0E53QsSGZ7oWw0OOZqIhv89FsYep/s640/19BrachtPinerT.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">Track Map #19 North of Bracht, KY Kenton County, KY</span></div>
<div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
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<div style="font-size: 12.8px; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><a href="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/tornadoes04082020/19BrachtPiner.png" style="font-size: medium;" target="_blank">Link to NWS ILN Statement</a></span></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-45846559670131892442019-05-30T20:24:00.001-04:002019-05-30T20:30:21.360-04:00Radar Views of the Brookville to Trotwood to Dayton to Riverside EF4 Tornado May 27, 2019<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
I will annotate and caption the images as I get time. For now here are the frames.<br />
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Using GR2Analyst here are PPI and 3D images from the tornado just east of Trotwood, OH at 0257z 28 May 2019 (10:57 PM EDT 27 May 2019).<br />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-13874277491507202932017-10-30T12:27:00.002-04:002017-11-08T12:09:17.451-05:00Cold Weekend, Cold Winter?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">COLD WEEKEND!</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">The weekend we just enjoyed was a cold one.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">On Saturday (OCT 28) the high temperature was 41° tying the record <b>Cold High Temperature </b>set in 1910.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">On Sunday (OCT 29) it was even colder. The high was only 39° but the record <b>Cold High Temperature </b>for that date<b> </b>is 34° set in 1925.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The last time we had a high temperature as cold as 39° was March 15, 2017 when the high was 33°.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Of course you have to have chilly air to have a high of 39° but chilly air can warm 20° with bright sunshine.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTmyTY6bij7EY6NAEgm8YBKzeAcNUx15wjTKijkCmH1SQHYcGdo6JJ6hJQaNTm2thyphenhyphen-jcZyPx4O1kwqp_Bq8H43s3kGJ05Yf6oxsi3f9jYjUsYIrEJ2hneiDH_qVGKtz_GimJ8sSIyMyXV/s1600/clouds.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1203" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTmyTY6bij7EY6NAEgm8YBKzeAcNUx15wjTKijkCmH1SQHYcGdo6JJ6hJQaNTm2thyphenhyphen-jcZyPx4O1kwqp_Bq8H43s3kGJ05Yf6oxsi3f9jYjUsYIrEJ2hneiDH_qVGKtz_GimJ8sSIyMyXV/s640/clouds.png" width="640" /></span></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;">Thick Weekend Cloud Cover</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The key to the weekend chill is thick cloud cover working with the chilly air. The cloud cover above us Saturday was 18,000 to 20,000 feet thick (or a bit more). Enough sunshine gets through to brighten the night sky but not enough to warm the ground which warms the air.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Thick cloud cover kept the air cold over the weekend.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The clouds were not as thick on Sunday, but thick enough that the weak, late October sunshine could not mix them out.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">"Mixing out" means surface heating by the sun causes thermals of warm air to rise. If air rises it has to sink nearby to replace the rising air. This exchange mixes the moist air in the clouds with drier air and the cloud layer can thin or completely evaporate.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In summer clouds mix out much more easily because of the strong sunshine than in the other seasons.</span><br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">COLD WINTER?</span></h3>
<span style="font-size: large;">Now to answer the question from <i><b>Steve Horstmeyer's What's It Mean Meme #2</b></i>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">One weekend of cold weather is not evidence that an entire season will be cold.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Now if we see the pattern that caused the chilly weekend persist and cold days are becoming common it could signal a trend.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">For now we have to watch the <b>La Niña</b> that is strengthening in the Equatorial Pacific.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">More on that and other winter trends as they develop.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">-Steve Horstmeyer</span><br />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-46888303879581835242017-10-27T11:43:00.001-04:002017-10-27T11:59:54.319-04:00Wooly Bear - or - Wooly Bull?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Does the Wooly Bear predict the severity of the coming winter?</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">The short answer is no!</span></b></div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSF2G1gVjpT7VCU9HNTUgO43cDLtpinG4gvKkw199x22KMcE4-AwJmaLA_ZIT7BOz8OQysgxIE4Gjpg6t5mfCv3J5wrQpo2C-yMqFYlH1L4G8n9FVmlUcqPy6u-ziNUrlCgsxBHCq-uj-/s1600/woolybear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="862" data-original-width="1600" height="344" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHSF2G1gVjpT7VCU9HNTUgO43cDLtpinG4gvKkw199x22KMcE4-AwJmaLA_ZIT7BOz8OQysgxIE4Gjpg6t5mfCv3J5wrQpo2C-yMqFYlH1L4G8n9FVmlUcqPy6u-ziNUrlCgsxBHCq-uj-/s640/woolybear.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Wooly Bear caterpillar at Otto Armleder Memorial Park October 27, 2017</span></b></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">FOLKLORE</span></h3>
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Folklore tells us more black means a longer, colder snowier winter and the position of the black tells you what part of winter will be the biggest headache. The Wooly Bear in the photo is black at its head and tail-end so tradition tells us winter will have a harsh beginning and end but a long, mild, uneventful middle.</div>
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The Wooly Bear's body has 13 segments which tradition tells us correspond to each of the 13 weeks of winter. </div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">FOLKLORE HISTORY</span></b></h3>
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Wooly Bear folklore has a rich, long history and has it origins in Colonial America. </div>
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The year 1938 was a banner year of the Wooly Bear myth. </div>
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In that year Dr. Howard Curran, curator of entomology from the American Museum of Natural History, went to Bear Mountain State Park, up the Hudson River from New York City, He counted the brown bands on 15 Wooly Bears and made the first winter prediction based on the caterpillars that eventually become Isabella Tiger Moths. </div>
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The story was published by the <b>New York Herald Tribune </b>and picked up by the national press. </div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">NAMES</span></h3>
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Wooly Bear - Northeast U.S.</div>
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Wooly Worm - Southeast U.S.</div>
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Hedgehog Catepillar - because it often curls up in a defensive position when touched</div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">What's Really Going On?</span></h3>
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The amount of black and orange-brown depends on the age and species of the Wooly Bear. If the eatin' has been good during autumn there is more black and less orange-brown.</div>
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The Wolly Bear is telling you something, but it is about the recent past not the future. Good-for-caterpillar conditions mean fat and healthy Wooly Bears and more black not a harsh winter.</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqf5UKq3N6606GcrBer8crjGrF6GaKlpMaIUdx1ZIi91CXsE-Tyn8ij6lUNudcqVMf9hqNSu5xEcdDAJ1jymon6cNtFZN_0YyamQ0ccxIa9OVg9WmSNRHV98jCFCounyiEjjlxRIPzVjaN/s1600/tiger+moth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="739" data-original-width="1200" height="394" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqf5UKq3N6606GcrBer8crjGrF6GaKlpMaIUdx1ZIi91CXsE-Tyn8ij6lUNudcqVMf9hqNSu5xEcdDAJ1jymon6cNtFZN_0YyamQ0ccxIa9OVg9WmSNRHV98jCFCounyiEjjlxRIPzVjaN/s640/tiger+moth.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: small;">Isabella Tiger Moth (Pyrrharctia isabella) - the second part of a Wooly Bear's life. </span></b></td></tr>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-67692977773159870772017-09-15T12:29:00.000-04:002017-09-15T17:54:50.714-04:009th Anniversary of Hurricane Ike in Cincinnati<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Here are graphics and animations I posted on SEP 13/14, 2017 in a variety of spots for the anniversary of Hurricane Ike.<br />
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You are free to use these for NON COMMERCIAL PURPOSES as long a proper attribution is given.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img atl="" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IKE/ikeNEW2OPT.gif" height="372" in="" keys="" rma="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" the="" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Gustav, Hanna and Ike. I was sent to Lake Charles, LA to help our station there with Gustav and when off duty drove into the decaying eyewall of CAT 1 Gustav.</span></td></tr>
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<img atl="" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IKE/ikesatGIF.gif" height="372" in="" keys="" rma="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" the="" width="640" />
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<img atl="" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IKE/ikerad.gif" height="372" in="" keys="" rma="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" the="" width="640" />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img atl="" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IKE/ikewind.gif" height="372" in="" keys="" rma="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" the="" width="640" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sunday SEP 14, 2008 Ike approaches Cincinnati</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMtG7jY14tcJat4xHY4m3wsRsjAXI4rIQa0J8kWovDeBLi7QHYGi3_XmFoxopPIbr4_aMTwKp9PViBFhWfLVtc1hHYGQFDW5-sx8omFmR3GEYkYtxtirbYpYKxruZjuh3_60muojk53CEL/s1600/18z+14sep2008div.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMtG7jY14tcJat4xHY4m3wsRsjAXI4rIQa0J8kWovDeBLi7QHYGi3_XmFoxopPIbr4_aMTwKp9PViBFhWfLVtc1hHYGQFDW5-sx8omFmR3GEYkYtxtirbYpYKxruZjuh3_60muojk53CEL/s640/18z+14sep2008div.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw145WqqIgEMoHCvkiuQYVMuilv1NwGy1CC3pUIuYNeyTm993xb0WT6qaJrlFP9dWJE0MJ7avENN1Sz-YYqWOxo1GKmiGnloQHknus4eviLtUX623KuihxZZOrPxmAhFTvTjwqKndxTkfr/s1600/18z+14sep2008mslp.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiw145WqqIgEMoHCvkiuQYVMuilv1NwGy1CC3pUIuYNeyTm993xb0WT6qaJrlFP9dWJE0MJ7avENN1Sz-YYqWOxo1GKmiGnloQHknus4eviLtUX623KuihxZZOrPxmAhFTvTjwqKndxTkfr/s640/18z+14sep2008mslp.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsyLND8TlFVLVZPNmcZo1s7vTPblTzg8nxTJc9cByGSI7IboPtn9OEF3XfovlJJ8KVjvWHdHsUYDKhnc6Rtoxh8wX6srlGJc-2sG1BJSXW8g8Q3vHkz_JGXUZk4yBGpMdxGmbrorc-ZVX/s1600/18z+14sep2008stream.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIsyLND8TlFVLVZPNmcZo1s7vTPblTzg8nxTJc9cByGSI7IboPtn9OEF3XfovlJJ8KVjvWHdHsUYDKhnc6Rtoxh8wX6srlGJc-2sG1BJSXW8g8Q3vHkz_JGXUZk4yBGpMdxGmbrorc-ZVX/s640/18z+14sep2008stream.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg_OLNK4k57aOUc_r7DTR9sVWb1TRS7w22SbltL2sBvBcQGSJrtvMfgiF1QQeAERKTeAwZiDEc2GwZt7xdY19NKhp7fLpTB2GW6fz4eKEKOZP8onBm6TVEiN89wsEaALozEiCV7Eu_VfWp/s1600/hurr1900trackIKE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="720" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjg_OLNK4k57aOUc_r7DTR9sVWb1TRS7w22SbltL2sBvBcQGSJrtvMfgiF1QQeAERKTeAwZiDEc2GwZt7xdY19NKhp7fLpTB2GW6fz4eKEKOZP8onBm6TVEiN89wsEaALozEiCV7Eu_VfWp/s640/hurr1900trackIKE.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Track of Ike compared to the Great Galveston Hurricane of 1900. Both made landfall on Galveston Island, TX and both caused damage all the way to the Atlantic coast of Canada.</span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW6UIO9kjNA2OXA_F_N3G46YaTE4LnL2UsXdPbgc4o_4f3NctoWnJBnF6rmmUT5NQYo11q2tsPV6Gf1PFAP35YxVVNMGudsA4sc4AlXxD-7UrQLFEer8En6aPo32GH9z5_WSx5yYmSdB39/s1600/IkeMSLP.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="545" data-original-width="1397" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW6UIO9kjNA2OXA_F_N3G46YaTE4LnL2UsXdPbgc4o_4f3NctoWnJBnF6rmmUT5NQYo11q2tsPV6Gf1PFAP35YxVVNMGudsA4sc4AlXxD-7UrQLFEer8En6aPo32GH9z5_WSx5yYmSdB39/s640/IkeMSLP.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD0W5mWKHy8cuUEBlF5Jat-9CpaptpOUrxjwdRBBfTU0KmRAisJVN5pAtFMQvq0WrCNRNzkknTy1cTLK16JHc0ff5vKFxzuLU54FXh-zg-YdU660Et04KNM9pBWaaFotFxGFLE1WZXy_Ev/s1600/IkeWinds.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="420" data-original-width="1389" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgD0W5mWKHy8cuUEBlF5Jat-9CpaptpOUrxjwdRBBfTU0KmRAisJVN5pAtFMQvq0WrCNRNzkknTy1cTLK16JHc0ff5vKFxzuLU54FXh-zg-YdU660Et04KNM9pBWaaFotFxGFLE1WZXy_Ev/s640/IkeWinds.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<img atl="" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IKE/ikeIRwide.gif" height="372" in="" keys="" rma="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" the="" width="640" /></div>
<img atl="" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IKE/ikeIRtight.gif" height="372" in="" keys="" rma="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" the="" width="640" />
<img atl="" src="http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IKE/ikevaporwide.gif" height="372" in="" keys="" rma="" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" the="" width="640" />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-59040496119545855592017-09-12T11:59:00.004-04:002017-09-12T12:57:37.635-04:00Three Barographs from the Passage of Hurricane Irma<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNtdmSddf6PtIlsDT-ZMbUiYLIWx8xO850eeAaJ2-y_kgqtDWWlqFu_-Jf-Ok2QX9kMhSAkJsrQk53-fafq17uJxT7hwu8RejepM_aeQCnSMLDFPBuNIu-Nb18Xx7JGEbDAP8k5-EKTNim/s1600/MarathonSLP.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="472" data-original-width="640" height="472" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNtdmSddf6PtIlsDT-ZMbUiYLIWx8xO850eeAaJ2-y_kgqtDWWlqFu_-Jf-Ok2QX9kMhSAkJsrQk53-fafq17uJxT7hwu8RejepM_aeQCnSMLDFPBuNIu-Nb18Xx7JGEbDAP8k5-EKTNim/s640/MarathonSLP.png" width="640" /></a></div><br>
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<img src = "http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IRMA/irma_keysOPT.gif" atl "Irma in the Florida Keys" width="776" height="448" />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeq8RzuDP_kXlK4DJWC-nV8HuZXXk_Bw2dVgsCAXqSnBb9YIpnkehEudosdW9N9KEIwxO_C0Hb19sfrnfv7vYCFSUsBvnso8VqdFisbbmVNagMkFpRJhFOUEqkPWsHhonue-V3QklB1Gb1/s1600/winterhaven.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="674" data-original-width="1023" height="420" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeq8RzuDP_kXlK4DJWC-nV8HuZXXk_Bw2dVgsCAXqSnBb9YIpnkehEudosdW9N9KEIwxO_C0Hb19sfrnfv7vYCFSUsBvnso8VqdFisbbmVNagMkFpRJhFOUEqkPWsHhonue-V3QklB1Gb1/s640/winterhaven.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<img src = "http://www.shorstmeyer.com/IRMA/irma_lakelandOPT.gif" atl "Irma near Lakeland" width="776" height="448" />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBptuXNlYgNtTeQanVaRL6xSI21g0CQoqiYQ5MEmb_2ZmlHIeuquesfwQl91chIMbbkbxxIN3iDrdq3YROpw24-7nhJ0iLPJYqcdgKXnW4PlFb7tTHQ_MW7N4aADsd_k9tm8jTZmU7ynp/s1600/lakeland.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="609" data-original-width="1059" height="368" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirBptuXNlYgNtTeQanVaRL6xSI21g0CQoqiYQ5MEmb_2ZmlHIeuquesfwQl91chIMbbkbxxIN3iDrdq3YROpw24-7nhJ0iLPJYqcdgKXnW4PlFb7tTHQ_MW7N4aADsd_k9tm8jTZmU7ynp/s640/lakeland.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-55479282707538653402017-09-03T16:21:00.002-04:002017-09-12T12:59:33.332-04:00IRMA a Cape Verde Hurricane<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSSSrNsWRI2fKTi3DSOLiwFJvtL_50rzuIzcJJ4L6kgK681lx0SkSl-nsoKAH19r3va7o90c7VqJ-GM71xlWV5Ylb57juW9yv4xcwcdxJupdfczjAACDKe80J6ve7MZJJ_tiGz6O4sHVx/s1600/irma+sat+loop+msg3b.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="410" data-original-width="700" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibSSSrNsWRI2fKTi3DSOLiwFJvtL_50rzuIzcJJ4L6kgK681lx0SkSl-nsoKAH19r3va7o90c7VqJ-GM71xlWV5Ylb57juW9yv4xcwcdxJupdfczjAACDKe80J6ve7MZJJ_tiGz6O4sHVx/s640/irma+sat+loop+msg3b.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-28987002739524267882017-08-19T17:32:00.002-04:002017-08-20T18:11:25.831-04:00Here is My Approach to Shooting the Eclipse<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
</h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">
What I Want To Photograph</span></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Several shots of the eclipse before and after totality.</li>
<li>Several near totality shots.</li>
<li>The solar corona during totality</li>
<li>Using a second camera a time-lapse of the location darkening and brightening into and out of the eclipse</li>
</ul>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Factors in My Equipment Selection</b></span></h2>
<br />
I will be on location broadcasting live on FOX19 NOW and social media so I cannot manage a large, cumbersome set up. - Light weight equipment, easy t hadle and adjust, no astronomical telescope, a modern DSLR fits the bill.<br />
<br />
I will need to broadcast as I shoot. - Maybe handheld shooting - requires fast shutter speed for sharp image and to reduce light to sensor.<br />
<br />
When the sun is un-obscured the amount of light is way too bright for a digital DSLR. - Special Filters are needed to reduce the radiation load on the sensor.<br />
<br />
As the sun becomes obscured the amount of light decreases dramatically so I will need to adjust the camera sensitivity. I will use the camera in manual mode, change f-stop, or shutter speed or adjust a variable ND filter.<br />
<br />
I do not know how large the solar corona will be at totality, so ... I need to use a Zoom Lens<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Guiding Principles</span></h2>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li> I need to reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the camera sensor. </li>
<li>About half of the sun's light reaching the surface is visible or shorter wavelengths (diagrams below).</li>
<li><br /></li>
<li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00SYMrTYFoZq7SlsO9JeVjXUzfd330zxBoWzrI0QJKrjuYN4DUl9SorQGTgnluFvsvBryFxYYWQDiIVAKDypwy85zMFunYF7uSoi2jP7wxUEF4hyFSqFjXKRxK861UbT3uL6M0KzbHryf/s1600/solar+spec+3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="395" data-original-width="599" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg00SYMrTYFoZq7SlsO9JeVjXUzfd330zxBoWzrI0QJKrjuYN4DUl9SorQGTgnluFvsvBryFxYYWQDiIVAKDypwy85zMFunYF7uSoi2jP7wxUEF4hyFSqFjXKRxK861UbT3uL6M0KzbHryf/s400/solar+spec+3.png" width="400" /></a></li>
<li> </li>
<li><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJpUTocefVqKCy1LBl_4PRH9_3E7M6nsNGoQY9XrbT_osfb2zD8aYAHVvY7Hhg6uSex6oSJMX7VbWZPzNMkMH8Uz55Xjq5lUwIHLqSM5p7HC6x2qfP5FTJlJrPwe1iOiRxg6kpR7vEvQ7/s1600/solar+spec+4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="303" data-original-width="460" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiJpUTocefVqKCy1LBl_4PRH9_3E7M6nsNGoQY9XrbT_osfb2zD8aYAHVvY7Hhg6uSex6oSJMX7VbWZPzNMkMH8Uz55Xjq5lUwIHLqSM5p7HC6x2qfP5FTJlJrPwe1iOiRxg6kpR7vEvQ7/s400/solar+spec+4.png" width="400" /></a></li>
<li>I will use a 720nm IR filter - it allows only IR radiation through the lens to the sensor. The R72 filter should reduce the amount of solar radiation reaching the camera sensor by approximately 50%.</li>
<li><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNo1VmkmqOjVq5o5K0DyRY3NGOw8I-_slf1Qp6afkGa-Ilv_8sOfUiBhqrVA0wW82zdYB_HI6UI3kj-H0zVCeHQkrGShBzv5VOeIjCIMXDNnBEhGHDGttVyTLV9i7RuuXltOOo1IWm2gbv/s1600/r72.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="257" data-original-width="450" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNo1VmkmqOjVq5o5K0DyRY3NGOw8I-_slf1Qp6afkGa-Ilv_8sOfUiBhqrVA0wW82zdYB_HI6UI3kj-H0zVCeHQkrGShBzv5VOeIjCIMXDNnBEhGHDGttVyTLV9i7RuuXltOOo1IWm2gbv/s640/r72.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Transmission curve for Hoya R72 glass. Courtesy: Hoya.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</li>
<li>Hoya R72 glass eliminates almost all of the solar radiation with wavelengths shorter than 700nm. There is a transition from 0% to 97% transmission between 700nm and 750nm. Some very long wavelength visible red will leak into the photographs creating a red hue. For my final photos I will adjust color saturation, brightness and contrast in Photoshop. But this drastically reduces the light levels on the camera sensor.</li>
<li>All DLSR cameras have a built-in infrared blocking filter which will reduce the amount of radiation further. Even though the R72 filter has cut the total solar radiation reaching the sensor in half the amount of IR still reaching the sensor could damage the sensor.</li>
<li>The combined transmission corves of the IR cut filter and the R72 filter show that what the camera will record is in the grey zone where both allow some solar radiation through.</li>
</ul>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgpCaIxeFBjkJQFqxvV1f1FtwOE_BDzD3qejePkAlrP1yMUw4qZY0sg6az6ll33XEJ1QfyZVngvNz5AxstAGd2aXO0EgjQ1JKFi_g-XDRtgvKW7Hl3cLXXE3_0yGWSe43NblFyXBQRYwb/s1600/Canon+10D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1242" height="377" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHgpCaIxeFBjkJQFqxvV1f1FtwOE_BDzD3qejePkAlrP1yMUw4qZY0sg6az6ll33XEJ1QfyZVngvNz5AxstAGd2aXO0EgjQ1JKFi_g-XDRtgvKW7Hl3cLXXE3_0yGWSe43NblFyXBQRYwb/s640/Canon+10D.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Typical Canon IR cut filter transmission, Courtesy kolarivision.com</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNWw2kH8Dx4AyWXpwcgV2ZpK4-I_Gi9jSymjiaRtJF0IWpDCTP-E5BarIKuk0BneGm0tNyEC05mbr6xZCuTpl2ranMgoFT5e3CwhzIxycgK2xwLqIPxdaXCy-X6kZsDYxf2GR558JkpKta/s1600/ir_spec2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="1242" height="378" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNWw2kH8Dx4AyWXpwcgV2ZpK4-I_Gi9jSymjiaRtJF0IWpDCTP-E5BarIKuk0BneGm0tNyEC05mbr6xZCuTpl2ranMgoFT5e3CwhzIxycgK2xwLqIPxdaXCy-X6kZsDYxf2GR558JkpKta/s640/ir_spec2.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Combined transmission curves of the Canon IR Cut filter and the R72 what gets to the sensor is in the grey zone.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br /></div>
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>To further reduce the amount of radiation reaching the sensor I will use a variable ND filter - this also makes it easy to adjust the settings as the eclipse progresses.</li>
</ul>
<div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Test Results Saturday 8.19.2017</span></b></h2>
Canon Mirrorless M3 (Crop Factor 1.66)<br />
Canon Lens EFS 55-250mm Full Zoom (Equivalent Lens Focal Length 415mm)<br />
Canon Mount Adapter EF - EOS M<br />
Manual Focus<br />
Image Stabilization On<br />
1/4000 sec.<br />
F 32<br />
ISO 100<br />
Hoya R-72 720nm IR Filter<br />
Tiffin Variable ND, Set at approximately 4 stops light reduction<br />
Tripod<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9RZDRc5rxwkNBHEWjTNxcXVROCAVgfuLEFA3aGHbAqeKZrNZ8LcIt03nlgxiWHKCRUlTLaff1d1X_p0P0Hg5-dujOgG8AgC8jur2lzNRUjZQQHwUDe1B5CPf02sAB7VbcIGXFbaL9Pqg/s1600/fb1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS9RZDRc5rxwkNBHEWjTNxcXVROCAVgfuLEFA3aGHbAqeKZrNZ8LcIt03nlgxiWHKCRUlTLaff1d1X_p0P0Hg5-dujOgG8AgC8jur2lzNRUjZQQHwUDe1B5CPf02sAB7VbcIGXFbaL9Pqg/s640/fb1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Contrast increased (100) and brightness decreased (60), color adjusted in Photoshop</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgojbtLElEsWcKUgZwVJA0MrCZjUzCINhH1YqsSF0sMImqEph6dbpxht4ZQWBND_ww_UY90UZFOA1522DrVE-JDSqBiGWa-VTFhj0RDEPnHi49OCo4y2LF-syVtD7JLcWLD-K5vKvL-rWvo/s1600/fb2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1032" data-original-width="1106" height="596" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgojbtLElEsWcKUgZwVJA0MrCZjUzCINhH1YqsSF0sMImqEph6dbpxht4ZQWBND_ww_UY90UZFOA1522DrVE-JDSqBiGWa-VTFhj0RDEPnHi49OCo4y2LF-syVtD7JLcWLD-K5vKvL-rWvo/s640/fb2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">200% enlargement of above</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Test Results Sunday 8.20.2017</span></b></h2>
<div>
Canon Mirrorless M3 (Crop Factor 1.66)<br />
Canon Lens EFS 55-250mm Full Zoom (Equivalent Lens Focal Length 415mm)<br />
Canon Mount Adapter EF - EOS M<br />
Manual Focus<br />
Image Stabilization On<br />
1/4000 sec.<br />
F 32<br />
ISO 100<br />
Hoya R-72 720nm IR Filter<br />
Tiffin Variable ND, Set at approximately 6 stops light reduction<br />
Tripod</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP-80mwJLOoDqXhtdjSILLI8zGSBAdPp3GTpAqifJTmUSV6CnJ5fJFflyW53ZbF2b5js3ffYEjsxUL8NhOXCsTKx3D6yuQx96dMgxJVvAHHBkA9sI08qq_KBqRUFRWP3ZrdUIiU_1N8gpn/s1600/FB3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1584" height="362" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP-80mwJLOoDqXhtdjSILLI8zGSBAdPp3GTpAqifJTmUSV6CnJ5fJFflyW53ZbF2b5js3ffYEjsxUL8NhOXCsTKx3D6yuQx96dMgxJVvAHHBkA9sI08qq_KBqRUFRWP3ZrdUIiU_1N8gpn/s640/FB3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Contrast decreased (60) and brightness decreased (50), no color adjustment, in Photoshop</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></h2>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNYOgl41tRWg6crXN6P4YtPjgm8ZFVUuDXZfMGpCbogcZ2uLb-B2jKuXZjpW9gNkQwbMBxlUGfjVof0Djbz8n-8lw57Y3IQqHNNTX4v_vzjb6Oa-QTw-AGtLDY_poSm0TeeR-pGU1B1c33/s1600/FB3gs2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1262" data-original-width="1421" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNYOgl41tRWg6crXN6P4YtPjgm8ZFVUuDXZfMGpCbogcZ2uLb-B2jKuXZjpW9gNkQwbMBxlUGfjVof0Djbz8n-8lw57Y3IQqHNNTX4v_vzjb6Oa-QTw-AGtLDY_poSm0TeeR-pGU1B1c33/s400/FB3gs2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">De-saturated the color, did some noise removal and tweaked brightness and contrast, enlarged.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Final Test</b></span></h2>
<div>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Compare to NASA High Resolution Image in Visible Light</b></span></h2>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRddaae4o7VZorELL4qDOBV7CHZtKMV0ZnQiSZLT4F0bNEWX4BpgzLI_YVhG2rwA-kwi1k8K1xJx1wmGKT1l7JDzgsFpRvbR844wK-buut35I4r-hjA6AilqDxFDeKTv7vQTBb24osM4t/s1600/latest_512_HMIIC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="512" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPRddaae4o7VZorELL4qDOBV7CHZtKMV0ZnQiSZLT4F0bNEWX4BpgzLI_YVhG2rwA-kwi1k8K1xJx1wmGKT1l7JDzgsFpRvbR844wK-buut35I4r-hjA6AilqDxFDeKTv7vQTBb24osM4t/s400/latest_512_HMIIC.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Not bad for prosumer equipment vs. a multi-million dollar imaging system.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Test Results II Sunday 8.20.2017</span></b></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><div style="font-size: medium; font-weight: normal;">
Canon Mirrorless M Modified to Full Spectrum (IR cut filter removed) (Crop Factor 1.66)<br />
Canon Lens EFS 55-250mm Full Zoom (Equivalent Lens Focal Length 415mm)<br />
Canon Mount Adapter EF - EOS M<br />
Manual Focus<br />
Image Stabilization On<br />
1/4000 sec.<br />
F 22<br />
ISO 100<br />
Hoya U-340 UV Band Pass Filter<br />
Tiffin Variable ND, Set at approximately 4 stops light reduction<br />
Tripod<br />
<br />
Hoya U-340 Transmission Curve<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfndeva0CFf-GB9qXo4j1hok4w16YY08GIswXUjVVFHN0qzIEKiotf07GsHkQURyRVr15akm42JcVawToJipmfcOqkLiiSRQrnOCBqcizVxpdzqH6564yKX6Kr8hy5t3YWC6RoUULGWLP/s1600/u340.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="1389" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbfndeva0CFf-GB9qXo4j1hok4w16YY08GIswXUjVVFHN0qzIEKiotf07GsHkQURyRVr15akm42JcVawToJipmfcOqkLiiSRQrnOCBqcizVxpdzqH6564yKX6Kr8hy5t3YWC6RoUULGWLP/s640/u340.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>Hoya U-340 glass transmits virtually no visible light (400nm - 700nm). </li>
<li>This chart is for glass 2.5mm thick. The filter I am using is 2mm thick so I can expect to see some visible light in photos.</li>
<li>Spec sheets say that <0.1%, not zero, is transmitted in the visible range by 2.5mm glass.</li>
<li>Visible light output from the sun is immense so with a thinner than spec'ed filter and an intense source my camera should record UV, some Visible (skewed to red) and some IR. and yield a creamsicle orange sun before color correction.</li>
<li>This set up should decrease visible and IR by 99% and allow through plenty of UV. </li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoZyjOEJG4ThWZMZrjJzAvi-wtrtnrtGkLC8DNLQeljHgqXKfH5HbtK6fW9JF7YRQDTJTtRwylIAZrJKt3UVXVgHXTemrqATh1piQIx0YNaKGnErp2MJ5DHiSnntkUolu6ALzI3KLqwoY0/s1600/fb4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="870" data-original-width="1548" height="358" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoZyjOEJG4ThWZMZrjJzAvi-wtrtnrtGkLC8DNLQeljHgqXKfH5HbtK6fW9JF7YRQDTJTtRwylIAZrJKt3UVXVgHXTemrqATh1piQIx0YNaKGnErp2MJ5DHiSnntkUolu6ALzI3KLqwoY0/s640/fb4.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Conclusions</b></span></h2>
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Either set up should work well but using the full spectrum camera with the U-340 filter will mean lower contrast, but less red in the images.<br />
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In IR, the first set-up, I will have to be meticulous when focusing manually.<br />
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I can reduce the amount of light further by increasing the effect of the variable ND filter up to when the criss-cross pattern appears and reduce reliance on Photoshop.<br />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-10002209416718534922017-08-15T12:15:00.003-04:002017-08-15T23:18:06.586-04:00Maysville, KY Area Flash Flooding July 22 - 23, 2017 - Synoptic Analysis<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Introduction</span></h2>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">During the evening of Saturday July 22, 2017 and the early morning hours of Sunday July 23, 2017 thunderstorms trained roughly along the Ohio River over southern Ohio and northern Kentucky resulting in nearly 8" of rain in approximately a 12 hour period.</span></div>
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Flash flooding claimed one life and there was extensive property and infrastructure damage in the area mostly from Maysville, KY to the northwest into Bracken Co.<br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;">The Synoptic Setting</span></h2>
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<b>Satellite</b></div>
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During the afternoon of Saturday July 22, 2017 GOES-16 showed a very active convective environment across southern Indiana, southern Ohio and northern Kentucky. </div>
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The GOES 16 Mesoscale Domain Sector (MCD) 1-minute satellite loop below showed multiple outflow boundaries and multiple lines of small convective cells acting to help initiate convection in the region. </div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH2O_sCml_w_Ss4Uv3vbk66oTEZq8R5SJx720B2mRKfPxDgYGJBulvLH2OeTuN9xNuw5UDZ6WeoXEf9VmgK2bLzcfFWub7s_7sJPTAOV7IBMQWqqeVyBuaAcBtS6hNY8wOwYaay-J_lOes/s1600/Maysville+FF+Satellite+small.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="520" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiH2O_sCml_w_Ss4Uv3vbk66oTEZq8R5SJx720B2mRKfPxDgYGJBulvLH2OeTuN9xNuw5UDZ6WeoXEf9VmgK2bLzcfFWub7s_7sJPTAOV7IBMQWqqeVyBuaAcBtS6hNY8wOwYaay-J_lOes/s640/Maysville+FF+Satellite+small.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">GOES 16 Mesoscale Domain Sector Saturday afternoon July 22, 2017 Courtesy: CIRA, Colorado State University.</td></tr>
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<b>Surface</b><br />
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Surface analysis charts (below) showed a regional-scale convergence zone (solid black line) likely caused by three factors. </div>
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<li>After two days of thunderstorms along and south of the front there were multiple outflow boundary remnants in the region.</li>
<li>Pre-frontal convergence was occurring south of the quasi-stationary front.</li>
<li>The synoptic air flow and terrain were interacting to increase the convergence.</li>
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The front, drawn as a cold front on the 00z surface, chart quickly became quasi-stationary as several weak, small lows rippled northeastward along the boundary.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm5Dztjz3vyO9CVFgqW3OOiI6MPyoyzQQ_mcplVCajfcFfi95WaJa3AWzJu_NgZC0rAxRMEYephmPaGomEjzB9PtUrxoMesymJ1lxKQnyseTOvAvl4Roz6ifKkqE34HKJ8q6F5OFvnRdJc/s1600/maysville+072300zB.gif.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhm5Dztjz3vyO9CVFgqW3OOiI6MPyoyzQQ_mcplVCajfcFfi95WaJa3AWzJu_NgZC0rAxRMEYephmPaGomEjzB9PtUrxoMesymJ1lxKQnyseTOvAvl4Roz6ifKkqE34HKJ8q6F5OFvnRdJc/s640/maysville+072300zB.gif.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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Surface analysis 00z 23Jul2017. Note I used convergence (-divergence) to place boundaries and fronts - not traditional pressure, wind and dew point data. A well defined convergence zone is shown as a black solid line. See below for the animated gif version, every two hours from 00z to 12z . Plotted with Digital Atmosphere 2015.</div>
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<b>Radar</b><br />
An animated gif radar loop from KILN starting at 00z 23 July 2017 and continuing through 12z July 2017 (8 PM EDT 22nd - 7 AM EDT 23rd) shows thunderstorms training to the southeast and increasing in intensity and coverage as interaction with the surface convergence zone took place.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72eSglfMkXJvzkJrdsXjL-SVtuatQlfoN0QdETm-XOS_ivnmY-bBORoOP1iYUhZjUpEpqRfc6VicN6GYWf239T-7qJeV_G7Nn6AHpncPOSfcDhNiZ9sqhuW6ZKUDxJRzHn0hVXeRaosLK/s1600/Maysville+FF+Radar+GIF.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="317" data-original-width="520" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi72eSglfMkXJvzkJrdsXjL-SVtuatQlfoN0QdETm-XOS_ivnmY-bBORoOP1iYUhZjUpEpqRfc6VicN6GYWf239T-7qJeV_G7Nn6AHpncPOSfcDhNiZ9sqhuW6ZKUDxJRzHn0hVXeRaosLK/s640/Maysville+FF+Radar+GIF.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Winds</b></div>
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From the 925 hPa and 700 hPa 00z streamlines it is obvious that the waves of rain were being steered by the winds at or around 700 hPa. </div>
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In fact northwesterly flow dominated from above 900 hPa upwards past 450 hPa on the 00z KILN sounding steering the convective storms to the southeast.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN7-CYmadVwmY-RztnWLacRlwxWfczRAevrmhGGkMyWXtcPfxx-Y_RLa_5uscLI0n2e8uq7hPErEuKWvjPHfGkWzWaBndaclbDKXsCymZJBttYcq45IeytwhvPkC-ii-BKHh9_XOzFRNlS/s1600/winds2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN7-CYmadVwmY-RztnWLacRlwxWfczRAevrmhGGkMyWXtcPfxx-Y_RLa_5uscLI0n2e8uq7hPErEuKWvjPHfGkWzWaBndaclbDKXsCymZJBttYcq45IeytwhvPkC-ii-BKHh9_XOzFRNlS/s640/winds2.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted and analyzed with Digital Atmosphere 2015</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47DYdzqyjGeObZfGBOlp8cv7XoSZ744nKy2VxTxNSsYyYPNOED1Ix8FZ7eODisjJNG3XbinmOo5iyeelKaQn99vV4CV4y8c1uWdn71Eg7nEI-NzzLFIOcKbommnFfglZnXb-jbCIQIQYn/s1600/UADATA_201707_2212Z_2312Z.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="1500" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh47DYdzqyjGeObZfGBOlp8cv7XoSZ744nKy2VxTxNSsYyYPNOED1Ix8FZ7eODisjJNG3XbinmOo5iyeelKaQn99vV4CV4y8c1uWdn71Eg7nEI-NzzLFIOcKbommnFfglZnXb-jbCIQIQYn/s640/UADATA_201707_2212Z_2312Z.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted with RAOB</td></tr>
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<b>500 hPa</b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEaqjODhTx6XvJJ6Qdm6RDOfnV4TnJqbzgGxy0V4kFKfqDVgykPLo2QdkvFZXy69OR6AJnxcRhfWeRO63DXFemzEOEtZbGYWEq76XdztOWqF5kvRrq4CHD5TbmgMLSdo21G8n5A1gAe8x5/s1600/animated.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="570" data-original-width="800" height="452" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEaqjODhTx6XvJJ6Qdm6RDOfnV4TnJqbzgGxy0V4kFKfqDVgykPLo2QdkvFZXy69OR6AJnxcRhfWeRO63DXFemzEOEtZbGYWEq76XdztOWqF5kvRrq4CHD5TbmgMLSdo21G8n5A1gAe8x5/s640/animated.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal;">500 hPa analysis charts (height in geopotential meters, vorticity 10^-5 sec^-1) show a fast-moving shortwave trof moving out of Alberta, heading southeast and weakening across the northern Great Lakes. In response 500 hPa heights fell across southern Ohio and northern Kentucky. At KILN the heights fell from 5880 m at 00z to 5830 m at 12z 23 JUL 2017. At KBNA the corresponding heights were 5920m and 5890m. </span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">The 500 hPa temperature at KILN fell during the same period from -4°C to -8°C. Further investigation will likely reveal the cooling aloft aided in maintaining the heavy rain clusters. The 5880m geopotential height contour highlighted in red to emphasize the height falls. Charts: Courtesy U.S. Taxpayers available at: https://nomads.ncdc.noaa.gov/ncep/NCEP</span></span><br />
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Rainfall Totals</span></h2>
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The highest radar estimated rainfall total (7.96" new algorithm, 6.0" old algorithm) was southwest of Ripley, OH and 5.4 miles northwest of Maysville, KY (as mapped by RadarScope) over rural northwest Mason Co. KY.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvAGHYTa2MqSkE1t_jCA7MuTa0GxC4NwjFnUCVzlDE5fmKmm9uL9LOSMBz9XHR_gKx8Ywu1IUVWbr8mcnaanL4npIBlfIo0XC1pKYSglGR8QiY-fh66qP7Hurcphu_otVZTNeElhLoEWWq/s1600/IMG_0554.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvAGHYTa2MqSkE1t_jCA7MuTa0GxC4NwjFnUCVzlDE5fmKmm9uL9LOSMBz9XHR_gKx8Ywu1IUVWbr8mcnaanL4npIBlfIo0XC1pKYSglGR8QiY-fh66qP7Hurcphu_otVZTNeElhLoEWWq/s640/IMG_0554.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBs_xvMW-JnU71pVDVN1SeZU0hIR5VeiR5N3pz2hqg5padSvy8IR5iONL6XUjSyf69VouAWhsq-32SOyg7mfueAUIEdtzbhIkHGKUqpeMCkh_UysQdT0iCvOAtWSSdNoaENBCxXCReu6x/s1600/IMG_0555.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcBs_xvMW-JnU71pVDVN1SeZU0hIR5VeiR5N3pz2hqg5padSvy8IR5iONL6XUjSyf69VouAWhsq-32SOyg7mfueAUIEdtzbhIkHGKUqpeMCkh_UysQdT0iCvOAtWSSdNoaENBCxXCReu6x/s640/IMG_0555.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Radar totals compared favorably with amounts reported to NWS ILN by observers. </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisKLcfnYz7aMgEw-Hoj0cD7NjiWgqGYBWij_0a4IUcPakQf2-S9wb0csX8sb0mHVUQL4wQriiIsnVCphyFaXHDme_5vE8EKR716ZpBFZPR5bZhtuZiCgNw_80fBnSKr_xlb3kgmCpds8es/s1600/nws+rain2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="517" data-original-width="586" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisKLcfnYz7aMgEw-Hoj0cD7NjiWgqGYBWij_0a4IUcPakQf2-S9wb0csX8sb0mHVUQL4wQriiIsnVCphyFaXHDme_5vE8EKR716ZpBFZPR5bZhtuZiCgNw_80fBnSKr_xlb3kgmCpds8es/s640/nws+rain2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Even though surface observations were non-existent near where radar indicated the highest rainfall total, at the red "X", approximately 5.4 miles northwest of Maysville, a water rescue and flash flooding reported near Minerva (red circle) increases my confidence that the radar estimates were reliable. In addition a localized radar rainfall maximum of 6.80", is indicated 6.0 miles south-southwest of Maysville (yellow circle) near where NWS ILN observers reported 7.42" of rain. Courtesy NWS ILN.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV_UI2d6MclOb8JDvIv3-TpkhPU6_1WCJCpz36yRr2Tqx4fAHRyrtVSYXrMrhICprU5F599LHaNHv7BZKsxj8oN7qzGzBdgh78V7C6szNlh7XTAnGt17uxi5QZfU9El9TowJ-CVoxSxHqR/s1600/IMG_0550.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV_UI2d6MclOb8JDvIv3-TpkhPU6_1WCJCpz36yRr2Tqx4fAHRyrtVSYXrMrhICprU5F599LHaNHv7BZKsxj8oN7qzGzBdgh78V7C6szNlh7XTAnGt17uxi5QZfU9El9TowJ-CVoxSxHqR/s640/IMG_0550.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4gaXstfY_0DPvr1dD42RzRYsswlBJmYTUtrV0Xcpnp9P3_l49e_6AJ33nwyn5Kc9nGA1O3mLBE_Q2yr3Z2MrpN0fh3T6_0nU_hW9HIR90AhBxvKuNWxQ2Xz1MvozW4bRZMbKKENrFznVA/s1600/IMG_0551.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4gaXstfY_0DPvr1dD42RzRYsswlBJmYTUtrV0Xcpnp9P3_l49e_6AJ33nwyn5Kc9nGA1O3mLBE_Q2yr3Z2MrpN0fh3T6_0nU_hW9HIR90AhBxvKuNWxQ2Xz1MvozW4bRZMbKKENrFznVA/s640/IMG_0551.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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Flooding was extensive and damage to property and infrastructure was extensive in this hilly area with deep, steep-sided creek valleys flowing into the Ohio River. One person was killed when his mobile home was washed into a tree and broke apart.</div>
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Convergence at the Surface</span></h2>
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Convergence is what happens on an interstate highway as you approach an accident that is blocking part of the roadway. Divergence is what happens when you pass the accident. The same thing happens with flowing air for a variety of reasons.<br />
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When air converges at the surface, the air that piles up has only one way to go and that is up.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Convergence/Divergence from Change of Wind Speed</span></b></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyCmqAS2iJhUvtrxBVgPtSQyFwTmzLFp4hKaxDOPII4GqAjWeET4jYJ3q_sJ7qn4KdWdKQZdnm4eUd3c6appLNp4VDHMIsX7ELIphSzr-fLCxNpksGGVhvB0Nbw4LO6yTMxCORAtuLGcME/s1600/interstateDIVCONV.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="800" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyCmqAS2iJhUvtrxBVgPtSQyFwTmzLFp4hKaxDOPII4GqAjWeET4jYJ3q_sJ7qn4KdWdKQZdnm4eUd3c6appLNp4VDHMIsX7ELIphSzr-fLCxNpksGGVhvB0Nbw4LO6yTMxCORAtuLGcME/s640/interstateDIVCONV.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Convergence and divergence in the atmosphere or on the interstate. By: Steve Horstmeyer</span></td></tr>
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On approaching the wreck, the number of vehicles in a given distance increases - they converge. Once the accident is in your rear-view mirror the vehicles spread out again - they diverge. In the atmosphere is wind speeds decrease down stream convergence will take place unless there is some compensating motion.<br />
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Divergence and the flip side of the coin convergence is defined as the percent change in area per unit time. In three dimensions it is the percent change in volume per unit time.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Convergence along a Front/Boundary and Into a Cyclone</span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQzZkmVvmrodfoCC1_9q9RE0Y_qe49yqNTDvTb0WPvPBEUcxXJuJoEYrMBwBCB_SeXNd3tYEQ50OoqARz9oCUXaoKpWVtfCPLb4CjrUtxekjdBf0y5fn4GKsVM1Ki-fKGYrvoxJNTpMS6/s1600/CONVcyclone.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTQzZkmVvmrodfoCC1_9q9RE0Y_qe49yqNTDvTb0WPvPBEUcxXJuJoEYrMBwBCB_SeXNd3tYEQ50OoqARz9oCUXaoKpWVtfCPLb4CjrUtxekjdBf0y5fn4GKsVM1Ki-fKGYrvoxJNTpMS6/s640/CONVcyclone.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Drawn by: Steve Horstmeyer based on originals by Leung Wai-hung at http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Divergence Along a Ridge or Out of an Anticyclone</span></b><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9b5gjSuwT4hPdkR_3j4So2ZC1RIy4hat40O1dOwhs1njL1oNsveBl30DRY1hqYn9qI-bC88LfADIW2-hTxkfRVkE00v1jZqaYRLYCwH8G5wlmklfldVquF8S3zzzzukxSFakI-tj0l0S/s1600/DIVanticyclone.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhY9b5gjSuwT4hPdkR_3j4So2ZC1RIy4hat40O1dOwhs1njL1oNsveBl30DRY1hqYn9qI-bC88LfADIW2-hTxkfRVkE00v1jZqaYRLYCwH8G5wlmklfldVquF8S3zzzzukxSFakI-tj0l0S/s640/DIVanticyclone.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Drawn by: Steve Horstmeyer based on originals by Leung Wai-hung at http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Divergence/Convergence Couplets in 3D Air Motion</span></b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Drawn by: Steve Horstmeyer based on originals by Leung Wai-hung at http://www.hko.gov.hk/education/edu01met/wxphe/ele-condiv-e.htm</span></td></tr>
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By convention divergence is positive and convergence is negative. When there is convergence at the surface the only way the air can go is up.<br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Definition: Divergence/Convergence</b></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEiHuFMkqBhPAv3TCdt-XhPIE0wnuNbEVbV_rbEGr2nqG3nNVpesZ4PQFRwnkPUvD2G-wJZvxIgiuw_jhqRoXK8x1f0gXX0fVxI61s3OGZrROHGTn-47sC0Q5NwRceMmRXxOnr6aVAiRto/s1600/divconvSquares.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1000" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjEiHuFMkqBhPAv3TCdt-XhPIE0wnuNbEVbV_rbEGr2nqG3nNVpesZ4PQFRwnkPUvD2G-wJZvxIgiuw_jhqRoXK8x1f0gXX0fVxI61s3OGZrROHGTn-47sC0Q5NwRceMmRXxOnr6aVAiRto/s640/divconvSquares.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Arrows represent surface winds at the corners of an area, originally a square. As the square moves downwind the winds diverge and the square becomes a rectangle, larger in area than the original. <b>Divergence has taken place.</b> Later the rectangle is transported downwind and the winds now converge. The area of the rectangle decreases. <b>Convergence has taken place</b>. Note more can happen to the square, it can be rotated, lifted and contorted into new shapes. In addition we should really look at convergence and divergence in 3D and compute it for volumes of air. By: Steve Horstmeyer</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Trajectories vs. Streamlines and Surface Convergence</b></span><br />
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Streamlines show a snapshot of the winds, they are an instantaneous view of air flow at a single point in time. Connect the dots to form streamlines and the big picture of air flow at one point in time is visible. The wind at any point is the tangent to the streamline at that point, </div>
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Streamlines do not predict where an air parcel is going <b>unless the weather systems are in a steady-state</b>. That means the systems are stationary, the systems are not decaying or strengthening (i.e. the pressure gradient is not changing) and the systems are not filling or deepening (i.e the central pressure is not changing). This may seem confusing but if a cyclone, for example, grows larger and the central pressure does not change, the pressure gradient decreases.</div>
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If you traverse the map below from Illinois, Missouri and Arkansas to the northeast and east you can see how the horizontal distance between individual streamlines is decreasing. From Cincinnati eastward along the Ohio River heading eastern Kentucky and West Virginia the streamlines are noticeably closer.</div>
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I have added divergence values on the second map and on the third have shaded in the "channel" in which the air is flowing into and through the area that received flash flooding.</div>
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The "channel" is confined to the north by the front and to the south by a high pressure system.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted and analyzed with Digital Atmosphere 2015</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted and analyzed with Digital Atmosphere 2015</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted and analyzed with Digital Atmosphere 2015</td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Trajectories</span></b></div>
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A trajectory is the path a parcel of air follows through time. The motion of a parcel of air is the combination of the winds of the weather system, the movement of the system and the change in strength of the system. If a system is in steady state trajectories are the same as streamlines. Trajectories are most often calculated in three dimensions.</div>
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The image below shows the trajectories of air originating in northeast Arkansas at 18z 22 July 2017, the afternoon before the flash flooding event in the vicinity of Maysville, KY. </div>
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Note how the trajectories in the NOAA ARL HYSPLIT model are concentrated along the Ohio River. The paths are concentrated there because the air is in effect "channeled" between the front to the north and the anticyclone to the south. Several of the trajectories are spurious in post-event analysis. </div>
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The video below the image uses the same data and goes into additional details.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXKtvNlYkcdYp7LpdeyoeNkeYurQ_C4btZ9-PDJZskYAZanZPFZv7UOM1YG9X08rjvaB2vBIYUDT-L1sCBBBjRY9s6eFTxQInx6hvk_Hlggu7Td8RuPo15yhrcUbRAOxNtB55KN9OBtAGO/s1600/File_000.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1351" data-original-width="1600" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXKtvNlYkcdYp7LpdeyoeNkeYurQ_C4btZ9-PDJZskYAZanZPFZv7UOM1YG9X08rjvaB2vBIYUDT-L1sCBBBjRY9s6eFTxQInx6hvk_Hlggu7Td8RuPo15yhrcUbRAOxNtB55KN9OBtAGO/s640/File_000.png" width="640" /></a><br />
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<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwrf9WEMK472aVNYXbiouBHtIrqrZNfyF6UxYeqTuFIK1CPohi_2dvbS2042bxXMlsk_RaylbmPNsHI9di87w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe></div>
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Surface Maps</h2>
On the maps below notice that where you find high pressure the contour value is positive indicating divergence at the surface. Where there is low pressure like the front or the convergence line the value is negative indicating convergence. In addition, <b>areas of surface convergence are areas of rising air.</b> The greater the convergence the faster the upward motion and the greater the chance thunderstorms will be enhanced.<br />
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Because of the three reasons mentioned in the video the surface convergence line (solid black) persisted through the evening of JUL 22 into Sunday morning JUL 23 and was a major player in the flash flooding event.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJoVnZnQ_EfRmep8esw9dQDV6k_fzkJSPvIs1l2-BKfVLiYECy5r9T9NLrdcenAtoxdD-Y3ftcK6Oq5PfPqrUyE3JxjzGJs4aKFBj7zbzd419Q8byy-yKaD0IOHfaRUpQHZV4UzLDzArWO/s1600/MaysvilleSfcMaps.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJoVnZnQ_EfRmep8esw9dQDV6k_fzkJSPvIs1l2-BKfVLiYECy5r9T9NLrdcenAtoxdD-Y3ftcK6Oq5PfPqrUyE3JxjzGJs4aKFBj7zbzd419Q8byy-yKaD0IOHfaRUpQHZV4UzLDzArWO/s640/MaysvilleSfcMaps.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted and analyzed with Digital Atmosphere 2015</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Model Runs: NAM 4K 00z 23 JUL 2017 Run </b></span><br />
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Below are cross section diagrams roughly from Jackson, KY (southeast) to Wilmington, OH northwest. The background shading is wind speed and the contours are vertical velocity in microbars/sec. In pressure coordinates upward motion is negative because pressure decreases upwards.<br />
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Translucent shading shows selected areas of upward motion along and near the surface convergence zone highlighted only to draw attention to them. Typical of high resolution models trying to resolve features near the size of the grid the NAM 4K has trouble pinning down the location of the upward motion.<br />
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In addition by 06z it appears convective feedback is beginning to dominate the output because of unrealistic increases in both upward and downward vertical motion.<br />
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Even though the high resolution models resolved the vertical motion associated with the surface convergence zone it is unlikely that a forecaster, using that alone, would have predicted 8" of rain in 12 hours.<br />
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However using all the available information presented here and watching the system as it developed, flash flooding, given the steep terrain and expected training was a forecast that most experienced meteorologists would have made.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgycIAkKtNyL_2OADWeelmOmTldlZdYgF7rYRCtspGc4mPCXHAB8zSc9394G1_xvlgu2BdosyIZQGoQooOCNcgR9MPn5hCPOid_9EVIv5mNOk5NOQjbFGL1WTwTDsOrAIXDICbDC1NPWlUQ/s1600/Maysville+FF+2017072300z.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="1347" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgycIAkKtNyL_2OADWeelmOmTldlZdYgF7rYRCtspGc4mPCXHAB8zSc9394G1_xvlgu2BdosyIZQGoQooOCNcgR9MPn5hCPOid_9EVIv5mNOk5NOQjbFGL1WTwTDsOrAIXDICbDC1NPWlUQ/s640/Maysville+FF+2017072300z.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cross Sections Plotted with RAOB using NAM 4K Bufkit data archived by Iowa State University.</td></tr>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-10232801397397001232017-08-07T14:54:00.001-04:002017-08-07T20:11:48.479-04:00Welcome to the Hottest Place on Earth<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Vo7YMhWAU1l_2MIGmf8Fz_kxwIvEbWMVxfI7phvzT8m2f6vKi7HerQcyAivoVgLl1wwvTRfKLmfKzdvCG1MoZSVGzsWGcpqBSEzjDRnUBuv3jxaUG0gr8pzhSq7H9dHgALFvFefAz7w/s1600/pano.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="1600" height="154" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi52Vo7YMhWAU1l_2MIGmf8Fz_kxwIvEbWMVxfI7phvzT8m2f6vKi7HerQcyAivoVgLl1wwvTRfKLmfKzdvCG1MoZSVGzsWGcpqBSEzjDRnUBuv3jxaUG0gr8pzhSq7H9dHgALFvFefAz7w/s640/pano.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Courtesy: www.nps.gov</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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When the high temperature is 120° (48.9°C) or hotter 27 times in a two month period, I don't care what anyone claims about "dry heat" - it is brutally hot!<br />
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When the air is a searing 129.2° (54°C) it is kitchen-oven-hot out there. Death Valley heat doesn't feel like the typical sultry Cincinnati summer sauna , as you walk out the door you get smacked by a blast of heat that would make you swear you got your face too close when checking the Thanksgiving turkey.<br />
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When it is that hot you do not need an assist from humidity to melt down because you are in the hottest spot on the planet.<br />
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Welcome to Death Valley National Park and Reserve, 3 million plus acres of stark reality, a national treasure has the record of the hottest recorded temperature ever on the face of our otherwise, mostly, pleasant planet. On July 10, 1913 the valley was seared by a high air temperature of 134°F (56.7°C), part of a 5-day stretch with high temperatures of 129°F (54°C) or hotter.<br />
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If that is not hot enough for you, on July 15, 1972 at Furnace Creek (what a great name!) the temperature of the ground surface reached 201.0°F (93.9°C). That may not be enough heat to liquefy the rubber soles of your shoes but they certainly will get gummy.<br />
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The hottest spots on Earth are always deserts. In wetter regions of Earth a great deal of thermal energy is used to evaporate moisture from soils and a rule of thumb meteorologists have is not to predict record high temperatures in summer if soaking rains have fallen the prior week or two.<br />
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In addition with scant shading vegetation Earth's surface receives a full frontal assault by an uncountable number of solar photons that can go right to work heating things up because of the lack of moisture in the soil.<br />
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If the desert is low, below sea level in much of Death Valley's lowest reaches, it can be even hotter.<br />
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Death Valley is dry - very dry. The average annual rainfall is puny. According to the Western Regional Climate Center at the Desert Research Institute in Reno, NV at Cow Creek Station only 2" falls in an average year. The sandy soil is plenty dry for scorching heat each summer.<br />
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The average monthly temperature for July 2017 at Furnace Creek Ranch was 107.24°F (41.8°C), likely the hottest ever measured on Earth.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Park Map and Some Superlative Data</span></h2>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-fl08OZUnJb5K1BREnFgIAMMXrWrSaN47MjRmSsv_wq8QYZcbyjhcdMFIePX0crJ-ufFXm2k6yrgeBZVsVZv1hV698iaxdEkHrmPS7gAccRoAbCiX7gRJpRl1pEOU1RcjuDqpuViEhBF/s1600/deathValley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="945" data-original-width="1570" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC-fl08OZUnJb5K1BREnFgIAMMXrWrSaN47MjRmSsv_wq8QYZcbyjhcdMFIePX0crJ-ufFXm2k6yrgeBZVsVZv1hV698iaxdEkHrmPS7gAccRoAbCiX7gRJpRl1pEOU1RcjuDqpuViEhBF/s640/deathValley.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Created by Steve Horstmeyer using Google Earth.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">A Hot Summer - Temperature Graphs May, June, July 2017</span></h2>
Note: Data was available in whole degrees only, so there will not be complete agreement with the official final data due to rounding. In addition the average daily temperatures are calculated using the formula [Tmax + Tmin]/2 = Avg. A more accurate way is to sum the 24 hourly readings and divide by 24. Hourly data was not available.<br />
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<b>May 2017 Was Hot in Death Valley</b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWfOGphb3Qeqs6Cae1qusefU5-bIpYjx6kUHKWfZWY1w1uo0iwqI0PTHLJuyRi5EJ7JgmDJlWpGtRx9Eq83eLD6jhsjZW4N2hsAPfo8Q_ltMr2QbFjRurG_Zhi5Ok1jdb21KM79XKG2Qq2/s1600/may2017.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="905" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWfOGphb3Qeqs6Cae1qusefU5-bIpYjx6kUHKWfZWY1w1uo0iwqI0PTHLJuyRi5EJ7JgmDJlWpGtRx9Eq83eLD6jhsjZW4N2hsAPfo8Q_ltMr2QbFjRurG_Zhi5Ok1jdb21KM79XKG2Qq2/s640/may2017.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted by: Steve Horstmeyer, Data: GHCN, via <a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/" target="_blank">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/</a></td></tr>
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<b>In June the Heat Was Staggering</b><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQN9G8KvDyFVd2xXHoARgPNLYMDOoAwDZV8lYas3hJ9HjwTchHEowIiqR1e-xDGsna5uIOY47DQjAVvL0ST01GrJW3oEk9gypdegs96370fdLMDudjbSZZlqnl0blpJ5dZfXrjkyrHQn6Y/s1600/jun2017.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="903" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQN9G8KvDyFVd2xXHoARgPNLYMDOoAwDZV8lYas3hJ9HjwTchHEowIiqR1e-xDGsna5uIOY47DQjAVvL0ST01GrJW3oEk9gypdegs96370fdLMDudjbSZZlqnl0blpJ5dZfXrjkyrHQn6Y/s640/jun2017.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted by: Steve Horstmeyer, Data: GHCN, via <a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/" style="font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/</a></td></tr>
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<b>In July it Was Hotter for the Month than in Any Other Place Accurately Measured, EVER!</b></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSg9QPiv6Qb_ZVA_56pm6dX8DE9_cq3rC-D64ckiFXEWTqdsu6pZZ1vjNkfl5sUAsMmcaq16hTJcRjCGbk7TJOwm8G7KfFcRAUI5GlPsXTz6wD69inFn9u4fQ323tWxKulARkBYj214P4/s1600/jul2017.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="895" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDSg9QPiv6Qb_ZVA_56pm6dX8DE9_cq3rC-D64ckiFXEWTqdsu6pZZ1vjNkfl5sUAsMmcaq16hTJcRjCGbk7TJOwm8G7KfFcRAUI5GlPsXTz6wD69inFn9u4fQ323tWxKulARkBYj214P4/s640/jul2017.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plotted by: Steve Horstmeyer, Data: GHCN, via <a href="https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/" style="font-size: 12.8px;" target="_blank">https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/ghcnm/</a></td></tr>
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Just what can I say about a place that experienced three mornings in July 2017 with low temperatures hotter than 100°F (37.8°C) and 78 days out of 92 with high temperatures 100°F (37.8°C) or hotter and on 27 out of those same 78 days the temperature maxed out at 120°F (48.9°) or hotter?<br />
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Death Valley not only feels like the hottest place on Earth, the staggering numbers confirm it.<br />
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<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">All Places and All Months on Earth with an </span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Average Monthly Temperature 105°F (40.6°C) or Warmer</span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;"></span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Data Extracted from : The Global Historical Climatology Network by Brian Brettschneider.</span></div>
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</span>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">See his excellent article by Christopher C. Burt, using this data, </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">on Death Valley's Record Hottest Month here:</span></div>
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</span>
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<div style="font-size: large; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/new-global-record-hottest-single-month-established-death-valley" target="_blank"><span style="font-size: x-small;">https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/new-global-record-hottest-single-month-established-death-valley</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Notice that of the 39 occurrences of a monthly average temperature 105°F (40.6°C) or hotter, 35 occur in the 4 stations (Furnace Creek, Cow Creek, Greenland Ranch, Stovepipe Wells) found in Death Valley.</span></div>
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<span style="text-align: center;">Christopher C. Burt in the article linked above makes an excellent case for July 2017 in Death Valley being the hottest reliably measured average monthly temperature on Earth. The observations in Saudi Arabia at King Khaled Military City</span> just do not pass muster.</div>
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All dates highlighted in <span style="background-color: yellow;">yellow</span> are occurrences NOT during July.</div>
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<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">107.44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="background: yellow; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">201408<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1e2023; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">King Khaled Military
City, Saudi Arabia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">107.24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">201707<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">107.02<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200207<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.97<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200607<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.79<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">191707<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.74<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">192907<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.63<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200507<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.56<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">193307<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.39<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200307<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.38<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">195907<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">195907<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cow Creek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">192707<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Greenland Ranch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.25<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: yellow; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">191508<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.21<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">195907<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Greenland Ranch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.20<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">192707<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 15;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">106.09<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: yellow; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">191508<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Greenland Ranch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 16;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.91<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200707<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 17;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.71<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">194207<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Greenland Ranch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 18;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.66<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: yellow; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">192408<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 19;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.64<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">201707<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stove Pipe Wells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 20;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.60<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200607<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stove Pipe Wells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 21;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.55<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">201007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 22;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.53<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">199407<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 23;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.44<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">201507<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1e2023; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">King Khaled Military
City, Saudi Arabia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 24;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">201307<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 25;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">191907<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Greenland Ranch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 26;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: yellow; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">199808<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: #1e2023; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">King Khaled Military
City, Saudi Arabia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 27;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">195307<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cow Creek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 28;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">195307<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Greenland Ranch<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 29;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">199607<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 30;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="background: yellow; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">194606<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span class="SpellE"><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Sibi</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">, Pakistan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 31;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">201607<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 32;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">196007<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cow Creek<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 33;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">192107<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 34;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">194207<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 35;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200807<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 36;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200907<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Furnace Creek, Death
Valley<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 37;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.04<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">200507<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Stove Pipe Wells<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 38; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 42.0pt;" valign="top" width="56"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">105.01<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 107.0pt;" valign="top" width="143"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">195207<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 191.0pt;" valign="top" width="255"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Cow Creek<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">Also notice that even though data goes back 106 years to 1911, sixteen of the top 39 occurred in the 18 years since 2000.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: black; font-family: "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt;">The long term average is 39/106 which is one occurrence every 2.7 years. Since the year 2000 16/18 which is one occurrence every 1.13 years. If the data passes quality checks this could be a strong signal of warming,</span></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-16039476285367825482017-07-26T19:15:00.002-04:002017-08-05T08:47:34.245-04:00Radar Meteorology: VIL (Vertically Integrated Liquid) and How To/Not To Use It<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">What is VIL?</span></b></h2>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Vertically Integrated Liquid (VIL)</b> is the total amount of rain that would fall if all the <span style="color: orange;"><b>liquid water</b></span> in a</span><span style="font-size: large;"> column inside a rain cloud (usually a thunderstorm) would be brought to the surface. Basically what you do is sum up (integrate) all the water in a column.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">VIL is not observed, it is calculated based on radar reflectivity. Because of that anything that affects reflectivity affects VIL.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">VIL is not the same as <b>precipitable water (PW)</b>. PW is a measure of the <b><span style="color: orange;">total water vapor</span><span style="color: red;"> </span></b>in a column that could be condensed into rain.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The units for VIL are kg m<sup>-2</sup>. It may see, strange that when discussing a 3D cloud volume VIL is measured in kilograms per square meter but it makes a great deal of sense if you consider this:</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-1GJvpuW5iQhYN8PGo_ds30BtOt-jDzzq0nj7SeDWVlRBdrNtt8VjFGh0zLWBm3CxHRZKE1HfkKocQAEV_GjBqf2HaMVbzApY3QUYMIciNtRflb8mrKQU3eGQS7VjFgOQ3ovXsLZJrJbQ/s1600/1cubic+meter+of+water.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="378" data-original-width="660" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-1GJvpuW5iQhYN8PGo_ds30BtOt-jDzzq0nj7SeDWVlRBdrNtt8VjFGh0zLWBm3CxHRZKE1HfkKocQAEV_GjBqf2HaMVbzApY3QUYMIciNtRflb8mrKQU3eGQS7VjFgOQ3ovXsLZJrJbQ/s640/1cubic+meter+of+water.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">A cube of water, siting on the ground 1 meter on a side (a cubic meter) weighs 1000 kg (2,200 pounds or a metric ton).</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The depth of the water over the square meter of land covered is 1 meter or 39.37".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">So a VIL of 1000 kg m<sup>-2</sup> is the same as 1 meter of rain or in English units 39.37".</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">VIL values do not reach 1000 kg m<sup>-2</sup> , this is just a reference value I use to explain the concept.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Now we can convert VIL values to inches of rain using this formula:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">[VIL/1000]<span style="color: #cccccc;"> </span>*39.37 = Inches of rain </span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b>
<b>Units Check:</b></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">[[kg m<sup>-2</sup>/kg m<sup>-3</sup>] *[in m<sup>-1</sup>]] = inches</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">or the simplified version</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: orange; font-size: x-large;"><b>VIL * 0.03937 = Inches of Rain</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Example: VIL = 79.5 kg m<sup>-2</sup></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">79.5 <span style="text-align: center;">kg m<sup>-2</sup></span> * 0.03937 = 3.13" of rain</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">We will re-visit this value shortly.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-size: x-large;">Liquid Water Does Not Float in the Atmosphere!</span></b></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">In fact neither do clouds. Sorry to burst your romantic bubble poetry fans, William Wordsworth was dead wrong when he penned the following:</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">"I wandered lonely as a cloud </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">That<b> <span style="color: orange;">floats</span> </b>on high o'er vales and hills, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">When all at once I saw a crowd, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">A host, of golden daffodils; </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Beside the lake, beneath the trees, </span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Fluttering and dancing in the breeze." </span><br />
<i>I Wandered Lonely As A Cloud</i><br />
-William Wordsworth (1770 - 1850)<span style="font-size: medium;"></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;"><br /></span><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large; text-align: left;">As a side note I do not think William Wordsworth would mind that I called him out, he also said:</span></div>
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<img alt="Come forth into the light of things, let nature be your teacher. - William Wordsworth" height="258" src="https://www.brainyquote.com/photos_tr/en/w/williamwordsworth/151964/williamwordsworth1.jpg" width="400" /></div>
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">OK! Enough English Romanticism, let's get back to radar meteorology.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">Because raindrops, cloud drops, hailstones, and dust - all off which are found in a cloud - do not float in the atmosphere something must hold them up.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">That something is the force of the updraft. E</span><span style="font-size: large;">ven in non-thunderstorm clouds - cloud materials are held aloft by updrafts which can be very weak in stratiform clouds. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The stronger the updraft the more liquid water than can remain aloft and the higher the VIL. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Strong thunderstorm updrafts also support large hail. </span><span style="font-size: large;">But ... Does a large VIL value indicate large hail?</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h3>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">VIL - What Is It Good For?</span></span></h2>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;">For years VIL was touted as having great potential for forecasting hail size. Large VIL values meant a strong updraft and that's where large hail is found.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the 90s NWS even used something called VIL-of-the-Day (VOTD) to forecast hail size. It was not very successful because, VIL it turns out, is subject to many complicating factors.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The truth is, when used alone, <b>VIL is a poor indicator of hail size</b> for a number of reasons:</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b>
<b>Complication #1</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VIL is calculated using reflectivity and anything that has an effect on reflectivity will modify VIL. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">For example, VIL was intended to measure liquid water only. To <b>remove the contributions of </b></span><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>ice to VIL </b>reflectivity is</span></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b>capped at 56.5dBz. Any return greater than that is reduced back to 56.5dBz resulting in error when no ice is present but reflectivity from water content of an updraft is higher.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">When hail is present VIL will be higher than if the column contained only liquid water.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #2</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VIL calculations show a <b>raindrop-size bias</b>. In the example below both cubes have the same reflectivity (Z). The left cube has 381.7 mm<sup>3</sup> of water while the right cube has 14.1 mm<sup>3</sup> of water. But because the two volumes yield the same reflectivity, VIL calculated for the left cube is the same as VIL for the right cube.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiszN4lEJarU8_9FbzlVPgQkyzGVI6BqR8qRqv7-gxn-q7xjfSSnhUYran8Y7JIcUAVi8bPHt55emjBrnTJCIl9SzEcWwio_7gRhBoi1euGIUZ8S9F_3aK11JFALIdmBzUG8hRAnPqb42qY/s1600/dropsize.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="814" data-original-width="1535" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiszN4lEJarU8_9FbzlVPgQkyzGVI6BqR8qRqv7-gxn-q7xjfSSnhUYran8Y7JIcUAVi8bPHt55emjBrnTJCIl9SzEcWwio_7gRhBoi1euGIUZ8S9F_3aK11JFALIdmBzUG8hRAnPqb42qY/s640/dropsize.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #3</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A thunderstorm too close to the radar can be partially obscured by the <b>"cone of silence"</b>. Because part of the updraft is not sampled, VIL may be underestimated.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #4</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The VIL of a thunderstorm far from the radar can be <b>exaggerated</b> or VIL can be <b>underestimated.</b> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Because the altitude of the radar beam increases as it travels away from the antenna, the beam may <b>overshoot the storm and underestimate VIL</b> or <b> pass right through a mid level hail core and overestimate VIL.</b> If the storm is far enough away lower storm elevations are not sampled at all.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #5</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The upper reaches of the <b>updraft core in tilted thunderstorms</b> may extend out of the sampling volume into a neighboring grid box resulting in an underestimate of VIL.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #6</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A <b>fast moving storm</b> may move so much during the time it takes for an entire volume scan to be completed by a NEXRAD Doppler Radar the upper reaches of the updraft may move out of the sampled volume resulting in an underestimate of VIL.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #7</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">The VIL equation assumes all reflectivity is from liquid water in the thunderstorm. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Even small hail is bigger </span><span style="font-size: large;">than large rain drops. Hail is also solid and when water coated it backscatters much more energy than raindrops which increases reflectivity and therefore VIL.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>When hail is present </b>the calculated value of VIL is too high because of the high reflectivity of hail, not because of high liquid water content. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><b style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #8</span></b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VIL is <b>higher for wet hail than dry hail and both backscatter much more energy than even the largest raindrops. </b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If radar to storm distance is an issue - See Complication #4 above - the radar beam may pass through the top of the hail shaft where hail is usually drier giving a lower VIL estimate than if the beam passes through lower portions of the hail shaft or through the melting layer where water coated hail produces greater reflectivity.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">Complication #9</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">VIL has <b>air mass and seasonal dependencies </b>primarily based on temperature structure and moisture availability.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The <b>wet bulb temperature (T<sub>w</sub>)</b> is the temperature <b>TO WHICH</b> air can be cooled by evaporating water into a column of air. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">The value of </span><span style="font-size: large;">T<sub>w</sub></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b> is always greater than the dew point temperature </span><span style="font-size: large;">(T<sub>d</sub>) temperature and less than the ambient air temperature<b> EXCEPT</b> at equilibrium (RH = 100%) when </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">T<sub>d </sub></span><span style="font-size: large;">= </span><span style="font-size: large;">T<sub>w </sub></span><span style="font-size: large;">= </span><span style="font-size: large;">T.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: large;">The <b>web bulb zero level is the lowest altitude where the air can be cooled to 0°C by evaporation.</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">As hail falls and melts and liquid water drops evaporate in air warmer than freezing the air column can be cooled enough to significantly lower the freezing level.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">At elevations lower than the wet bulb zero level evaporation cannot cool the air to freezing so hail always melts as it falls.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;">When the wet bulb zero height is low (7000' for example) the radar beam samples hail or other frozen targets through a large vertical distance and VIL is likely to be <b>overestimated </b>and so is hail size.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">When the wet bulb zero height, and by implication the freezing level, is high (14,000' for example) melting can take place rapidly and the radar sees a zone of enhanced reflectivity centered on the freezing level. Liquid drops through the large vertical distance beneath the wet bulb zero level return less energy than the hail above, meaning a lower estimate of VIL.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">However if the storm is tall enough and the updraft strong enough the volume of hail above the freezing level can severely skew VIL calculations to higher values. See the case study below for more.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">If the web bulb zero level is high enough even large hail may not make it to the ground.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;">How VIL and the wet bulb zero level interact is complicated by how warm the air is within a thunderstorm and how quickly it changes vertically (i.e. the environmental lapse rate).</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">Every storm is an individual with its own quirks.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-size: large;">SO ....</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b>VIL is only good as a crude, first estimate of hail or hail size. When used with dualpol products and other observations like hail spikes (three-body scatter spikes) and melting layer altitude VIL is more effective.</b></span><br />
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">HOWEVER ....</b><br />
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b>
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b>VIL is a good indicator of updraft strength, but beware of extreme values caused by hail.</b></span><br />
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">AND</b><br />
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: orange;"><br /></span></b>
<span style="color: orange; font-size: large;"><b>A rapid decrease of VIL may indicate a collapsing thunderstorm and the onset of a wet microburst.</b></span><br />
<b style="font-size: x-large;"><br /></b>
<b style="font-size: x-large;">FINALLY </b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">VIL calculations are most accurate: </span><br />
<br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span style="font-size: large;">When a storm is a moderate distance from the radar</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The storm is moving slowly</span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The updraft is vertical (not tilted) and </span></li>
<li><span style="font-size: large;">The freezing level is high.</span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">It just so happens that during the evening of Friday 21 JUL 2017, centered on 8:10PM EDT (00:10z 22 JUL 2017) just such a storm formed south of Cincinnati near Walton, KY.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>Case Study: </b></span></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>High VIL Thunderstorm 21-22 July 2017</b></span></h2>
<div>
<div style="font-size: medium;">
<div style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;">The cell we are talking about formed just to the northwest of Walton, KY </span></span><span style="font-size: large;">along a non-frontal surface convergence line.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> The thunderstorm was moving towards the southeast at 5 mph, according to NWSILN's severe thunderstorm warning.</span></div>
<div style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Digital Atmosphere/Front Paint Surface Divergence Maps</b></span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Animated gif with pauses</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlW4GeP8zZRxI8Tc813xFrcg6UBKRqA0J7g4_-wKSm75s1fq54rvmahdcLgpjJkNb8BLF40xKBohoTRh4R4pXQrutRgaTtRPDoK0k8-ViYrSi9COwRqtEI_yzt3gwPUiADRBtEWr4rDRBt/s1600/highvil.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlW4GeP8zZRxI8Tc813xFrcg6UBKRqA0J7g4_-wKSm75s1fq54rvmahdcLgpjJkNb8BLF40xKBohoTRh4R4pXQrutRgaTtRPDoK0k8-ViYrSi9COwRqtEI_yzt3gwPUiADRBtEWr4rDRBt/s640/highvil.gif" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">Quasi-stationary frontal positions are based on surface convergence only. Diffuse summertime fronts located in this manner may suffer from lack of continuity in position, i.e. show a great deal of motion in a short period of time. Plotted with Digital Atmosphere. Fronts drawn with Front Painter avaliable from <a href="http://weathergraphics.com/">weathergraphics.com</a></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">
</span>
<br />
<div style="font-size: medium;">
<span style="font-size: large;">The updraft core underwent explosive development growing 21,000 feet in 10 minutes. During the same period VIL increased rapidly from 55.5 to 79.5 </span><span style="font-size: large;"> kg m</span><sup>-2</sup><span style="font-size: large;">. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">At 8:10 PM EDT 21 JUL 2017 VIL was measured at 79.5 kg m</span><sup>-2 </sup><span style="font-size: large;">equal to 3.13" of rain </span><span style="font-size: large;">by KILN NEXRAD Doppler Radar.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>RadarScope Loops - Data time - lower right corner.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgejJTa4yLLEJ_mk6-wJOpuGhgseen7frOf0ep1eNbpn2MOt5jo-0tr9VInAfXnSwJbVvD5NqD8kuHr5AZtVQ0Hzh-zeq6vmDWhevYMCaYPgLntqKfSpYCbV9Js7-5SQAXwgle9hclYX-xF/s1600/File_002.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="960" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgejJTa4yLLEJ_mk6-wJOpuGhgseen7frOf0ep1eNbpn2MOt5jo-0tr9VInAfXnSwJbVvD5NqD8kuHr5AZtVQ0Hzh-zeq6vmDWhevYMCaYPgLntqKfSpYCbV9Js7-5SQAXwgle9hclYX-xF/s640/File_002.gif" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEife0O0FOvmMO2gv7C1N8Z-bw9sEuiT8AP5v2s_1FcHeH5Xqnof8G77CNQT_YfbcsZ6QNCQyhopVADL3IB0fYJdZ3UIvpoMNdp1pzwfShajDI68NCC-vtzEoSqj8YBo6iFpSObJXuLJXGll/s1600/File_003.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="960" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEife0O0FOvmMO2gv7C1N8Z-bw9sEuiT8AP5v2s_1FcHeH5Xqnof8G77CNQT_YfbcsZ6QNCQyhopVADL3IB0fYJdZ3UIvpoMNdp1pzwfShajDI68NCC-vtzEoSqj8YBo6iFpSObJXuLJXGll/s640/File_003.gif" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr02BzQZNhTGo8mzleHTUtBlQnXDy1H370JVG5L-Lpxci1_92fg0mOfDF9P3BXhMBgI2AdSRStgg_bqno09qT4sgNs6L1KVcrGh2fhWR8Qg-J-o2gJIxSw96H9sVWvfK035exJmZsi2V0N/s1600/File_000.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="960" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr02BzQZNhTGo8mzleHTUtBlQnXDy1H370JVG5L-Lpxci1_92fg0mOfDF9P3BXhMBgI2AdSRStgg_bqno09qT4sgNs6L1KVcrGh2fhWR8Qg-J-o2gJIxSw96H9sVWvfK035exJmZsi2V0N/s640/File_000.gif" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">With the very high VIL NWSILN was concerned about the development of a wet microburst and issued the following severe thunderstorm warning:</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHpu8T5mr7eJpZxs_MbE7hrKhzTMRQYNygt_FslpTLsVcaM0y7r-_sUYJPAgV8TjuuOHyZM9RCwI2c_I7IAOSxZxVJYlBgI2vUBX9Uy0SuONSWPQwGiINSGgwOAlDoKxlzEwNDKzy5_OYE/s1600/warning2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="671" data-original-width="441" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHpu8T5mr7eJpZxs_MbE7hrKhzTMRQYNygt_FslpTLsVcaM0y7r-_sUYJPAgV8TjuuOHyZM9RCwI2c_I7IAOSxZxVJYlBgI2vUBX9Uy0SuONSWPQwGiINSGgwOAlDoKxlzEwNDKzy5_OYE/s640/warning2.png" width="420" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Courtesy: VTEC Browser, Iowa State University</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHu3oEJJWPLuYp0zPEhe_mdzib5emfYNuEg7kM0LI_w1nUUw0I4hzl_gRkxz1JWqMUed2xfPQWm9RiFwC3y7C3P1MvS6fd3UP2JRFHE8Ud9Se_v2l6eHPKZrSuv5noi-oSYBOmfdXAUgLf/s1600/warning.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="436" data-original-width="736" height="374" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHu3oEJJWPLuYp0zPEhe_mdzib5emfYNuEg7kM0LI_w1nUUw0I4hzl_gRkxz1JWqMUed2xfPQWm9RiFwC3y7C3P1MvS6fd3UP2JRFHE8Ud9Se_v2l6eHPKZrSuv5noi-oSYBOmfdXAUgLf/s640/warning.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Courtesy: VTEC Browser, Iowa State University</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>RAOB Plot</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">From the KILN sounding 00Z 22 JUL 2017 </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Freezing Level 16,192' msl</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Wet Bulb Zero Level 14,427' - 15,320' msl</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Low Wind Shear Environment</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Note: The Wet Bulb Zero level is at most 1765' lower than the freezing level. If maximum evaporative/hail melt cooling took place the lowered freezing level was still very high. In the warm air below the lowered freezing level hail melt would be rapid and it is not likely that much, if any, hail would make it to the surface.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxanULjUPVgpvSWO4zKSpHi0bOIN0_SyuADwm367Tx6a2e7MA1CTuYNYxuVnyUt9OsZZu0SSBeK1GO2rs1VGumpsp_eX_-1czSC7YL7Ck2szjdYSIwQdtH1XW8Qufd7hSJ9_bBrsQlK4Hk/s1600/sounding.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="917" data-original-width="1500" height="390" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxanULjUPVgpvSWO4zKSpHi0bOIN0_SyuADwm367Tx6a2e7MA1CTuYNYxuVnyUt9OsZZu0SSBeK1GO2rs1VGumpsp_eX_-1czSC7YL7Ck2szjdYSIwQdtH1XW8Qufd7hSJ9_bBrsQlK4Hk/s640/sounding.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Maximum Reflectivity Profile from GR2Analyst</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">Maximum Reflectivity in the main updraft at 00:10z</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM4xnJcgG-QcxCZojw-G7qDi028a5bYcu65vS8r3qR2GrPhQ1QZsCkYaqTVcnk9OcqJYkTFNMD-kBdmOquJJATw3jvAZEfkHwbaJq4TY2FizcKDy7D80Yl-6e57UCNPR40fM5UwbAN_nJs/s1600/ERTDBZ.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="289" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgM4xnJcgG-QcxCZojw-G7qDi028a5bYcu65vS8r3qR2GrPhQ1QZsCkYaqTVcnk9OcqJYkTFNMD-kBdmOquJJATw3jvAZEfkHwbaJq4TY2FizcKDy7D80Yl-6e57UCNPR40fM5UwbAN_nJs/s640/ERTDBZ.png" width="384" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">54462' agl (10.1°) 37.5 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">44165' agl (8.0°) 52.5 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">35836' agl (6.4°) 56.0 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">28645' agl (5.1°) 57.0 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">23167' agl (4.0°) 61.0 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">18653' agl (3.2°) 61.5 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">14761' agl (2.4°) 65.5 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">8822' agl (1.3°) 60.0 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">6335' agl (0.9°) 61.5 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: medium;">4217' agl (0.5°) 56.0 dbz</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;">Note that the maximum reflectivity (65.5 dbz) is just below the the freezing level on the KILN sounding. The high reflectivity is likely due to melting hail because water coated ice backscatters more radiation than ice or liquid water alone.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: large;"><b>GR2Analyst Slice</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>RadarScope Individual Frames 8:05 PM - 8:10 PM EDT (00:05z - 00:10z)</b></span></div>
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<b>Tilt 1 0.5° Beam Center Altitude at Walton 4054' Temperature 21.9°C</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVYVHix7gsWngRrOzMGCHBHqTqJnGJbBAR5zCPLc4UsUOBNW3LJXOywzW_5AxsfZejrXOw_2zKdNaVf-8r3iJvvP3TBkpCZ6PoYZJSHjWuSTM0ANiJq9K-iBgZHDDBu7B2z3VOqATVNedn/s1600/IMG_0370.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="976" data-original-width="1600" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVYVHix7gsWngRrOzMGCHBHqTqJnGJbBAR5zCPLc4UsUOBNW3LJXOywzW_5AxsfZejrXOw_2zKdNaVf-8r3iJvvP3TBkpCZ6PoYZJSHjWuSTM0ANiJq9K-iBgZHDDBu7B2z3VOqATVNedn/s640/IMG_0370.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Tilt 2 0.8° Beam Center Altitude at Walton 6144' Temperature 17.8°C</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfovxDg6pwGw4nXJ5IWTErH8zPSzNKk_FyBJJYM4-sw1_tn0m-Jf8I-X-ZwcDA_F0ZwGuFiV-mjXr9n7e4K5KwDE5TdrkpE_pj5oMIR8YGvEbjc79BbCnQDFSm60-UQFZP7jPxk962sVk/s1600/el0.0.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGfovxDg6pwGw4nXJ5IWTErH8zPSzNKk_FyBJJYM4-sw1_tn0m-Jf8I-X-ZwcDA_F0ZwGuFiV-mjXr9n7e4K5KwDE5TdrkpE_pj5oMIR8YGvEbjc79BbCnQDFSm60-UQFZP7jPxk962sVk/s640/el0.0.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>Tilt 3 1.2° Beam Center Altitude at Walton 8480' Temperature 13.9°</b></div>
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<b>Tilt 4 1.7° Beam Center Altitude at Walton 10792' Temperature 7.6°C</b></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">VIL, Reflectivity and hail-size contour (yellow).</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Evolution of the Thunderstorm</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></b><b><span style="font-size: large;">Time Line of the Thunderstorm's Evolution</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>23:54</b> Updraft core reaches the freezing level.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>00:05</b> Updraft core extends up to 48,000', Max VIL reached</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>00:10</b> Max VIL maintained, updraft core begins to weaken</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>00:16</b> Top of the updraft core down to 33k ft. VIL down to 51.4.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>00:21 00:32</b> Top of updraft core - >+50 dBz - pulsing between </span><span style="font-size: large;">20 - 30k ft.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>00:37</b> Top of 50 dBz core down to 17,000' agl.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>00:48</b> All >=50 dBz of core gone.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">GR2Analyst 3D Volumetric Animation</span></b><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">3D time lapse of the thunderstorm using GR2Analyst. Red is reflectivity >=50.5 dBz.</span></td></tr>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Summary</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>SURFACE CONVERGENCE LINE</b> - The thunderstorm developed in a high surface dew point environment along a non-frontal surface convergence line. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The convergence was likely due to a quasi-stationary front to the north, southwesterly winds on the back side of a surface high flowing towards the front and the interaction of terrain with the winds.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Despite the moist surface environment, total CAPE from the surface through 750 mb (hPa) was negative based on the nearest sounding at KILN. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Above the LFC through 100 mb (hPa) 16396 m/53792 ft. agl the total CAPE was 1545.4 J/kg explaining the explosive development.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbwv_15z6FTlQKUG_Be3z726b5Y-zniRAtUFMSGLU9mArsvac4C_MUcc3yBT7sG0UiseidAxt_tlbM1D5Rbwep2lbkFjWFtHEE5FABa72WhQIevCpMrH_tGHBszSk7CkoNWLSnUd_4MDni/s1600/RAOBTABLE2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="646" data-original-width="806" height="510" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbwv_15z6FTlQKUG_Be3z726b5Y-zniRAtUFMSGLU9mArsvac4C_MUcc3yBT7sG0UiseidAxt_tlbM1D5Rbwep2lbkFjWFtHEE5FABa72WhQIevCpMrH_tGHBszSk7CkoNWLSnUd_4MDni/s640/RAOBTABLE2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>LOW WIND SHEAR ENVIRONMENT -</b> The vertical wind shear was small leading to a vertical (i.e. not tilted) updraft core.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>EXPLOSIVE DEVELOPMENT</b> - The updraft core underwent explosive development after 7:49 PM EDT resulting in a VIL of 79.5 kg m <sup>-2 </sup> that persisted for 5 - 10 minutes. Small to moderate hail developed enhancing reflectivity and therefore VIL.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Just as the 50 dBz reflectivity core began to decay </span><span style="font-size: large;">(about 8:10 PM)</span><span style="font-size: large;"> a mix of hail and rain was observed on radar at KILN as low as 8565' agl. The sounding temperature at KILN at that level was approximately 13°C (55.4°F) leading to rapid melting.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It is not surprising given the warm atmosphere, rural location and time of day no hail was reported to NWSILN.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>RAPID DECAY -</b> The updraft core underwent rapid decay after 8:10 PM EDT and VIL decreased from 79.5 kg m<sup>-2 </sup> to 51.4 kg m<sup>-2 </sup> in 6 minutes. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">A rapid decrease of VIL can mean a collapsing thunderstorm and that a wet microburst may be developing. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">It can also indicate rapid melting of small hail and the decreasing influence of the enhanced reflectivity of water coated hail. In this case it looks like both were occurring. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The gradual decline of the storm's echo top on the KILN radar indicates the storm was weakening and not undergoing complete collapse even though the updraft core was rapidly weakening. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">Check out my blog post on the Hilliard, OH microburst for an example of total thunderstorm collapse. Compare the 3D timelapses. </span><span style="font-size: large;">You can find it here:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://stevehorstmeyer.blogspot.com/2013/07/microburst-near-hilliard-oh-10-july-2013.html" target="_blank">Hilliard, OH Microburst, July 10, 2013</a></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"> By 8:13 PM EDT NWSILN became concerned about a wet microburst and issued a severe thunderstorm warning for winds gusts to 60 mph.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>"POURING WATER DOWN THE CHIMNEY" -</b> Because the updraft core was not tilted heavy rain and hail were falling through the updraft core. This is likely the mechanism for the short life of the strong core and its rapid demise.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The mechanical force of falling rain drops and hailstones combined with the thermodynamic effects of melting hail and evaporating rain worked against long-term maintenance of the updraft core.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;">A more detailed study may show terrain influences and competition for resources (moisture) with neighboring cells as additional causes of the quick decline.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>THE LARGE VIL - </b>was likely caused by a large volume of small to moderate hail and enhanced backscattering as the hail melted in the warm environment. As this hail melted a great deal of thermal energy was removed from the updraft core - another factor shortening the life of the updraft. </span><br />
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<span style="font-size: large;">The hail was likely only small to moderate in size because the short life of the strong updraft did not provide enough time for large hail to grow. Small hail size was also a factor in the rapid the rate of melting.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>SEVERE THUNDERSTORM WARNING/WET MICROBURST </b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">In my opinion this warning was a "good" warning - justified by the information available at the time even though it is an un-verified warning. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Post-event analysis is different than real-time observation giving more time to dig deep into the available data unlike operational meteorologists at NWSILN who must make decisions quickly. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Post-event analysis indicates a wet microburst was unlikely because the large VIL observed was likely due to radar reflectivity enhanced by a large volume of small hail and a thunderstorm in decline not rapid collapse. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">However, the KILN 00z sounding does indicate the potential for sufficient evaporative cooling to enhance downdraft outflow by observing the spread between </span><span style="font-size: large;">T<sub>w </sub></span><span style="font-size: large;">and T through a deep layer of the atmosphere (see the sounding plot).</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>FORECASTING MICROBURSTS</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Take a look - this is cool!</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><a href="https://www.weather.gov/media/lmk/soo/pulse_svr_flowchart.pdf">https://www.weather.gov/media/lmk/soo/pulse_svr_flowchart.pdf</a></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Meteorolgical Software used in this post:</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">RadarScope Pro Tier 2</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">GR2Analyst</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">RAOB</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Digital Atmosphere 2015/Front Paint</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Other Software used:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Adobe Photoshop CC</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Camtasia Studio</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Microsoft Excel</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">GIF Maker (iphone)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>Services Used:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">VTEC Browser, Iowa State University</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Level II Archive, Allison House</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;">College of DuPage, METAR Archive</span></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-21152699561502141442017-07-24T11:50:00.004-04:002017-07-24T18:15:44.168-04:00Tornado Warning 2017.07.07 by @NWSILN - No Tornado but a Good Warning Part III<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-size: medium;">PART III - 3D Views</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">3d view of the supercell from the southeast at 21:17:26z. All reflectivity values >+ 52.5 dBz in solid red represent the core of the storm and the heavy rain. Lower reflectivity values are translucent to show general storm structure and higher values are not visible. KILN Radar using GR2Analyst.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The Bounded Weak Echo Region (BWER) is clearly visible. This is where there is little or no rain due to the warm, moist inflow and the intense, rapid updraft. The rain drops cannot fall through the updraft because it exceeds their terminal velocity. The BWER was formerly called the vault or echo free vault.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH-AYCGqfvcSQQdf7cTVR0_rONsr6jl8fn5Efw_f3pDFC_QU0UflOfyohkkiGG2nOx4ifgWkKK5CFVVV-UgWUD7CzYvUcUeV1HDroKBwyE8O1ssltrt8YfnvisN-aBieodbroD73zwAiy2/s1600/3D3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="1524" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH-AYCGqfvcSQQdf7cTVR0_rONsr6jl8fn5Efw_f3pDFC_QU0UflOfyohkkiGG2nOx4ifgWkKK5CFVVV-UgWUD7CzYvUcUeV1HDroKBwyE8O1ssltrt8YfnvisN-aBieodbroD73zwAiy2/s640/3D3.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">The inflow and updraft. The inflow not only transports warm, humid air into the storm but it imports rotation gained from the environment caused by wind shear. The mechanism is partly explained in Part II and more fully explained here: <a href="http://stevehorstmeyer.blogspot.com/2013/03/thunderstorm-primer-part-6-supercell.html" target="_blank"> http://stevehorstmeyer.blogspot.com/2013/03/thunderstorm-primer-part-6-supercell.html</a></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusslvqun7SUCDWC7bbnVE0DkKbNfKONNNsDE4ibN6cGFASMVNe4OvILUQcsPMAMm5e2zu25YyUImiAbl8qdDCRCEimheDF__TDAkAru0SjkcTPf4h_jIafdlYaiSd0pvvKP0U2y3drD9r/s1600/3D4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="938" data-original-width="1524" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiusslvqun7SUCDWC7bbnVE0DkKbNfKONNNsDE4ibN6cGFASMVNe4OvILUQcsPMAMm5e2zu25YyUImiAbl8qdDCRCEimheDF__TDAkAru0SjkcTPf4h_jIafdlYaiSd0pvvKP0U2y3drD9r/s640/3D4.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">I have now added NROT (normalized rotation we call it N-ROT) to the image. Normalized Rotation was originally developed at SPC and operationalized by Gibson Ridge Software in GR2Analyst. I have found it a remarkably accurate and useful tool in pinpointing tornadoes, even small leading edge spin-ups. This confirms the updraft is rotating.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: small;">The final overlay is Spectrum Width which can be roughly understood by calling it turbulence. Imagine a wind blowing in a constant direction and at a constant velocity - that is no gustiness - that ideal wind has a spectrum width value of ZERO. In other words it is not gusty. Now imagine a turbulent tornado or severe thunderstorm updraft environment. Winds are changing direction and gusting violently. In other words the environment is turbulent and the spectrum width is high. Spectrum Width measures the spread or variation of wind speeds and directions. Above, red is very turbulent and notice how it is in the same location as the updraft and rotation. Spectrum width is a useful tool when trying to locate tornadoes and severe thunderstorm winds and identifying strong updrafts.</span></td></tr>
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The 3D volumetric time lapse shows the evolution of the supercell and how spectrum width and NROT coincide with the rotating updraft.</div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-32653872894611626322017-07-13T21:30:00.000-04:002017-07-13T21:38:42.938-04:00Tornado Warning 2017.07.07 by @NWSILN - No Tornado but a Good Warning Part II<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PART II:</span></b><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><b>An Outflow Boundary, An Inflow Jet, and Spin Up</b></span><br />
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In Part I of this multi-part post I showed you what radar and @NWSILN saw Friday evening 2017.07.07 that lead up to the tornado warning they issued at 5:18 PM EDT (21:18 UTC).<br />
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Now we want to look how the spin-up occurred.<br />
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<b>The Past as a Key to the Future</b><br />
At 3:36 PM EDT (17:36 UTC) KILN Doppler Radar showed an outflow boundary north of the Ohio River stretching from southeast Ohio, westward into southeast Indiana south of Connersville. In the second image the boundary is just north of the line I drew. Notice how you can see it taper off south of Connersville.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVOSoFxKV0tWNgWlgh5P1W1_6ZVaTPGpXeEDqgA9FyYxkSfh2tY65t-tPETCfctW55AaGX16Hp9gsI_bNPQZ0XIN31mfEVx4hsxkl7oFWKCaQ2_27V8iE_eil-kLV5koZwbU9Y_Knk4x2z/s1600/IMG_0127.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVOSoFxKV0tWNgWlgh5P1W1_6ZVaTPGpXeEDqgA9FyYxkSfh2tY65t-tPETCfctW55AaGX16Hp9gsI_bNPQZ0XIN31mfEVx4hsxkl7oFWKCaQ2_27V8iE_eil-kLV5koZwbU9Y_Knk4x2z/s640/IMG_0127.PNG" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWQZir54d_7dtjAAepaSFqgIoEJXyeyDiilNACFR89A1MH6AACVxJ36ASf9SbHG-IhDmLBPvnf_sN8W9zaepi2NY2uX61xjT1MxWlNuQflH6ynqTw-A448Coq1VuHA2F2Y5sJpnGXV1-d2/s1600/IMG_0128.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWQZir54d_7dtjAAepaSFqgIoEJXyeyDiilNACFR89A1MH6AACVxJ36ASf9SbHG-IhDmLBPvnf_sN8W9zaepi2NY2uX61xjT1MxWlNuQflH6ynqTw-A448Coq1VuHA2F2Y5sJpnGXV1-d2/s640/IMG_0128.PNG" width="640" /></a></div>
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The video shows the movement of the outflow. Over southern Ohio it is pushing south while to the west from Finneytown to south of Connersville it is stationary.</div>
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An <b>outflow boundary (aka gust front)</b> is a mini front. We mostly think of them as<b> mini cold fronts</b>, the leading edge of air, cooled by evaporation in the downdraft moving away from the thunderstorm. It is that cool air blast you have often felt before the thunderstorm downpour arrives.</div>
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In my experience doing point nowcasting,<b> outflow boundaries can become stationary or stop and turn around.</b> Thunderstorms born from the interaction of inflow jets and outflow boundaries can be tough to deal with when rain threatens an outdoor event.</div>
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Outflow boundaries often cause thunderstorms system to strengthen by acting as a <b>source of lift. </b>Warm moist air flowing towards the thunderstorm glide up and over the cold air advancing away from the storm. </div>
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Thunderstorms can be<b> boosted from routine to severe</b> as they encounter outflow boundaries.</div>
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<b>Outflow boundaries can also help create rotation</b> in the environment surrounding a thunderstorm. When air is transported into the thunderstorm and tilted to nearly vertical in the updraft, the rotation gained when inflow interacts with an outflow boundary can add enough spin to the total and help create a tornado.</div>
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The images below should give you a basic idea of how it works.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOTihjsWbFjETSu2Y_KHRn8j05r6Ld03nAwvt2UJPpbUPALRA5o8UeqSLEz_H-YDfAS4gEeyoO2VVYm1e_s0DnbQ3PeQkUlwTpQrLvNln6dVKdbb_uLcA3lkR8hNHYTjmznQXzeCl6rmJ5/s1600/ColdPool+%25281%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="859" data-original-width="1600" height="342" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOTihjsWbFjETSu2Y_KHRn8j05r6Ld03nAwvt2UJPpbUPALRA5o8UeqSLEz_H-YDfAS4gEeyoO2VVYm1e_s0DnbQ3PeQkUlwTpQrLvNln6dVKdbb_uLcA3lkR8hNHYTjmznQXzeCl6rmJ5/s640/ColdPool+%25281%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKvPbs_82o7EJYRGMFkGFES7lxQ-onJZV1fEdEpWvuR1_5fpCxiulJfKqpoxXc8NuGI3K1Py6GRmbn_qUFKk8gPuLHMVk7atOlVSr7diWOuckR8sHTLXLZs1O2vTu1X3lSSD8MtKjMQyHz/s1600/STEVE+outflow.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKvPbs_82o7EJYRGMFkGFES7lxQ-onJZV1fEdEpWvuR1_5fpCxiulJfKqpoxXc8NuGI3K1Py6GRmbn_qUFKk8gPuLHMVk7atOlVSr7diWOuckR8sHTLXLZs1O2vTu1X3lSSD8MtKjMQyHz/s640/STEVE+outflow.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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The animation below shows the specifics for the tornado warning of 7July2017.</div>
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<iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/QXP7EJQMO8o/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QXP7EJQMO8o?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></div>
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Finally the last two animations: Watch the shower develop south of Connersville, develop explosively as the inflow jet pushes it into the outflow, merge with the main cell and the velocity couplet (right panel) form north of Oxford.</div>
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Below: Following the couplet</div>
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So it looks like all the elements were there and radar indicated spinup, eventhough there was no tornado in my book this is a good warning.</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">NEXT: PART III - 3D Views of the storm.</span></b></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-55519508067917886762017-07-11T11:12:00.002-04:002017-07-11T20:42:17.295-04:00Tornado Warning 2017.07.07 by @NWSILN - No Tornado but a Good Warning Part I<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b><span style="font-size: large;">PART I:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="font-size: large;">What @NWSILN Saw on Radar that Lead to the Warning</span></b><br />
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<b>The Grey Zone</b><br />
In the grey zone of meteorological knowledge is that shadowy region between rotation in a thunderstorm and damage on the ground thousands of feet below when a tornado touches down.<br />
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Thanks to doppler radar we can clearly see rotation in thunderstorms. Thanks to intense research efforts we now know that the rotation for a tornado is mostly imported to the storm, drawn in with the inflow and tilted to nearly vertical by the updraft. As the inflow is stretched by upwards acceleration in the updraft the rotation rate increases. Spin-up is taking place.<br />
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Think of the ice skater.<br />
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Voilà! We can now forecast and warn for tornadoes.<br />
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Not so fast. Between cloud base and the ground, in the grey zone, something happens. What it is and how it works is masked by a fog created by an environment too dangerous to make observations, by the small scale of the funnel and by the capricious nature of tornado occurrence.<br />
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<b>A Weak Link</b><br />
We have a weak link in our cascade of knowledge between rotation in the storm and rotation in the environment leading to a tornado on the ground.<br />
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That weak link is one reason there are so many false alarms - tornado warnings without a tornado.<br />
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Friday evening, 2017.07.07 was one of those false alarms. But not all false alarms are equal.<br />
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A number of tornado warnings have been issued over the years by @NWSILN that have made me cringe. The polite version of my initial comment would be, "Just what are they thinking?" You can probably guess what the gritty version contains.<br />
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The tornado warning of 2017.07.07 was not one of those. I was a good but an un-verified warning. Good, because all the elements were there for a tornado touchdown.<br />
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<b>Radar Views from Friday Evening 2017.07.07</b><br />
Take a look at KILN Super-Res Velocity at 5:25PM EDT (21:25 UTC) 2017.07.07. below.<br />
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Doppler radar can only measure the component of the wind directly towards or away from the radar which is along a radial like the long arrow. It does not measure the true wind only the "radial" part of the wind.<br />
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At 5:25 PM EDT KILN saw a tight velocity couplet between Oxford and Germantown. Red indicates wind blowing away from the radar or positive velocity. Green indicates winds blowing towards the radar - negative velocity.<br />
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Here are some closeup screen grabs.<br />
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On the left is reflectivity - precipitation rate, on the right radial velocity. Remember the true velocity is higher because radar is looking only at the wind component along the radar pulse radial path.<br />
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Velocity values peaked a bit higher about 10 minutes before these images.<br />
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This is a tight velocity couplet and could indicate enough spin-up for a tornado to touch down. In addition the couplet weakened and strengthened several times, indicating here was plenty of energy and rotation and the couplet was not yet dying. In this case I feel the warning was a good one.<br />
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Watch the video to see the velocity couplet form, move and dissipate.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Coming Soon:</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Part II - The Meteorology of the Spin-up</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Part III - 3D Radar Views</span></b></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-82955614415727041462017-07-10T20:08:00.001-04:002017-07-10T21:24:18.769-04:00Why I Critisize @NWSILN<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Over the years I have not hesitated to be very critical of the <span style="color: yellow;">National Weather Service Forecast Office in Wilmington, OH</span>. I will continue to speak out when there is something the public needs to know. After all NWS works, indirectly, for you and you have the right to know how your tax dollars are being spent.<br />
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Most recently I discussed what seems to me to be an over-the-top approach to <span style="color: yellow;">Areal Flood Advisories (AFA).</span> The number issued by @NWSILN is way more, in fact 261% more through July 7, 2017 at 10:10 AM than any other NWSFO in the region. That is the subject of my previous blog post dated July 6, 2017.<br />
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A local Cincinnati TV meteorologist suggested that I just ignore the huge number of AFAs because they are not "life threatening". He scolded me for calling attention to @NWSILN and questioning the unusually large number of AFAs. <br />
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There is no benefit from his head-in-the sand approach to dealing with real issues that impact public safety. Frankly I was surprised at the naive suggestion by the meteorologist and his reluctance to use his authority to better inform the public.<br />
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He is correct that Areal Flood Advisories do not represent immediate life threatening situations. They are meant to call attention to potentially life-threatening situations and are therefore a "heads up".<br />
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However, this well meaning meteorologist seems to have forgotten about the <span style="color: yellow;">"cry wolf effect"</span>.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Image Courtesy of: http://www.insurancejournal.com</td></tr>
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The pu<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">blic is</span> now barraged with a confusing assemblage of advisories, watches and warnings leading to information overload. False Alarm Rates are high because of the very nature of weather events, the limited availability of real-time data and the fact that all of us involved in informing the public are human and we do not always get it right.<br />
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Include in the mix the "social media/app effect" and an individual may get a single warning multiple times.<br />
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After a while it all becomes <span style="color: yellow;">blah-blah-blah</span>.<br />
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My point is that modern communications technology may very well multiply the "cry wolf effect".<br />
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Two recent studies find that the "cry wolf effect" (links below) is real and false alarms reduce the number of people who take action during threatening weather. Both studies also find that the issue is complex and a small reduction in the <b><span style="color: yellow;">FALSE ALARM RATE</span></b> has little effect.<br />
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Reading between the lines: my thought is that large reductions in the <b><span style="color: yellow;">FALSE ALARM RATE </span></b>may reduce inaction by weather information users. But for the reasons above that may not be possible.<br />
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What the authors did find is a clarification statement like, "there is a 90% chance of flash flooding ..." decreases the number of people who ignore potentially life-saving weather information.<br />
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Before you go apoplectic, I know there are problems with probability statements and some other form of qualifier may work better.<br />
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Here's is another thought. <br />
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Instead of blasting the public, every time it looks like a funnel may touch down due to rotation seen by radar, with "tornado warning .... take cover immediately"; Why not qualify the warning. with something like, "Tornado warning ... radar indicates a small funnel may touch down with winds possible to 90 mph... take cover immediately".<br />
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Meteorologists know the difference between the leading edge spin-ups and the monster funnels born from a strong mesocyclone. Isn't the public deserving of the whole truth?<br />
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Luckily, most tornadoes are F/EF0s and F/EF1s. That's is important because in the county warning area under the responsibility of @NWSILN, since 1950 there have been no deaths <span style="color: yellow;">- ZERO -</span> from F/EF0 and F/EF1 tornadoes. (Some sources report a single death in Grant Co. from an F1 but it is unconfirmed).<br />
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Current initial NWS tornado warnings treat a weak EF0 funnel as being equal to devastating, deadly, much stronger, longer-lived mesocyclone tornadoes. (Note this is not an @NWSILN policy but a policy set up for the entire NWS).<br />
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Here is an example of a "tornado" that was 10 yards wide and on the ground for 20 yards (10 yards/20 yards - you read it correctly) on May 1, 2012 west of Lebanon, OH. Here is the link:<br />
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<a href="https://www.weather.gov/iln/20120501_WLebanon/" target="_blank">https://www.weather.gov/iln/20120501_WLebanon/</a><br />
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We all remember the EF4 tornado that struck Piner, KY and the EF3 that struck Moscow, OH on March 2, 2012.<br />
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The initial warnings for these killers treated them no differently than the 10/20 whirlwind linked to above.<br />
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I am really just trying to help viewers make an informed decision by calling @NWSILN out when I see something that is not in the public interest.<br />
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I hold nothing against any @NWSILN meteorologist. I am sure they arrive at work each day ready and willing to do the best they can.<br />
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If I am willing to openly criticize @NWSILN, however, I have an obligation to point out events when they perform well.<br />
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Friday July 7, 2017 @NWSILN issued a tornado warning but there was no tornado. Nevertheless they performed well. I explain that in my next blog post later this week.<br />
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<span style="color: yellow;">____</span><br />
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Here are links to the two academic articles concerning the cry wolf effect. They are full of research jargon.<br />
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https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~aldous/157/Papers/leclerk.pdf<br />
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https://www.utdallas.edu/~emk120030/crywolf_post.pdf<br />
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Here is where you can read a summary article meant for the general public:<br />
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http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2015/01/28/355667.htm<br />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-44714775151567809482017-07-06T12:10:00.005-04:002017-07-06T12:47:00.590-04:00Why Does the NWS Forecast Office in Wilmington, OH Issue So Many Areal Flood Advisories?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Below is the number of<b> Areal Flood Advisories</b> issued by <b>NWS Wilmington, OH</b> per year since 2008. Notice the high <b>False Alarm Rate</b> and the great increase through the end of June 2017. Why the increase? I do not know.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC1hDEOfV22NWz6ETpCFgxW76biosmvCSYbgw4NAgqjrxcsrna-1Kh6VFyfLEvXPrk4X8YpI976mbz48xmVxUQyGA1r_4fmhCdw4PRFpR0FApJLd8ry4c1BYNWtKCVvTWdjQzOPTtX22r-/s1600/afaChart.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="490" height="337" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjC1hDEOfV22NWz6ETpCFgxW76biosmvCSYbgw4NAgqjrxcsrna-1Kh6VFyfLEvXPrk4X8YpI976mbz48xmVxUQyGA1r_4fmhCdw4PRFpR0FApJLd8ry4c1BYNWtKCVvTWdjQzOPTtX22r-/s640/afaChart.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhanSQoyOskq7ncyluxIWUes5NGKQ8U5ehixVvQSGlbc80-9yqh6BTljwMgESmAlu7nsK43VjYoMhF9KpYuEWLg76tFYV0kmmN4S6G7W7tKAyGaM_q13dOFu89vQ2ncuakgxrnAjhrXAr9-/s1600/AFAnumber.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="679" height="272" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhanSQoyOskq7ncyluxIWUes5NGKQ8U5ehixVvQSGlbc80-9yqh6BTljwMgESmAlu7nsK43VjYoMhF9KpYuEWLg76tFYV0kmmN4S6G7W7tKAyGaM_q13dOFu89vQ2ncuakgxrnAjhrXAr9-/s640/AFAnumber.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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It seems the<b> False Alarm Rate</b> is independent of the number of Areal Flood Advisories issued. My interpretation of this is<b> too high a reliance on automatic algorithms and too low a level of critical human thinking</b>.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhokh56A7UaJkarm5n5SCkQ5abmT8LEpvNsaLCFvk80UMSIYNSqOr1rZfjWjB51Iywco1mvFFIw1dVMj2ucT85WmsunBJjmfaa8rzgjlbJS00AB24Vq7vw6GcUnpXGI55tyRmB600N1UomH/s1600/AFAfar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="289" data-original-width="650" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhokh56A7UaJkarm5n5SCkQ5abmT8LEpvNsaLCFvk80UMSIYNSqOr1rZfjWjB51Iywco1mvFFIw1dVMj2ucT85WmsunBJjmfaa8rzgjlbJS00AB24Vq7vw6GcUnpXGI55tyRmB600N1UomH/s640/AFAfar.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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I received <b>justified criticism</b> because how do we know NWS ILN is over issuing Areal Flood Advisories if we do not know how other NWS offices compare. Take a look below.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLS7j0TCvfDJVQvX9jlYfwRNHEvoRQJoNMGceJI-kNbFcNjGLkc2R8g5XzvKtR0IgZ7ij3r2I870DhDlGAu1ZVtS_cpg2zjYcFtmb_VKKboTueHgM6RPSPp83UzS1u9V4EWd1m1dK-cVmR/s1600/AFAbyOffice.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="660" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhLS7j0TCvfDJVQvX9jlYfwRNHEvoRQJoNMGceJI-kNbFcNjGLkc2R8g5XzvKtR0IgZ7ij3r2I870DhDlGAu1ZVtS_cpg2zjYcFtmb_VKKboTueHgM6RPSPp83UzS1u9V4EWd1m1dK-cVmR/s640/AFAbyOffice.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Then I received one more criticism of my claim - again justified AND a good example of how honest, professional discourse can move the understanding of an issue along.<br />
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The individual asked if all <b>NWS County Warning and Forecast Areas (CWFA) </b>were the same size. They are not.<br />
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So the graph below normalizes the number of Areal Flood Advisories by area.<br />
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<b>[(Advisories issued) / (CWFA area sq. mi.)] x 10000 = Number Issued per 10,000 sq. mi</b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAEPGCaHfegcdYoQ7Swh6XjcxNNE9mcb8O5gOqaXyLZpa6faq3fQarbz-AcHK2Si4nZEuqVnJEhvaWrAYTaFNyGEeeJfsxh1g0xnH3_RVFDHov6zhOJJRqDsYnFX4dbaoZy6gFcrOba2o/s1600/AFAbyOfficeArea.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="660" height="448" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzAEPGCaHfegcdYoQ7Swh6XjcxNNE9mcb8O5gOqaXyLZpa6faq3fQarbz-AcHK2Si4nZEuqVnJEhvaWrAYTaFNyGEeeJfsxh1g0xnH3_RVFDHov6zhOJJRqDsYnFX4dbaoZy6gFcrOba2o/s640/AFAbyOfficeArea.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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NWS ILN is so far out in front here that it makes me wonder if there is a problem with the data source.<br />
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But the other 19 offices are consistent with each other in the number of Areal Flood Advisories issued and with terrain considerations.<br />
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For example, Jackson, KY and Morristown, (Knoxville area), TN have a great deal of steep terrain which increases runoff and the chance of flooding. Northern Indiana is flat and not so prone to flooding so you would expect the first two NWS offices to issue more Areal Flood Advisories per 10k sq. mi.than Northern Indiana.<br />
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<b> Notes:</b><br />
An <b>Areal Flood Advisory</b> verifies if there is at least one<b> Local Storm Report </b>of flooding, no matter how minor, within or on the border of the defining polygon. If there is a Local Storm Report of flooding outside the polygon, no matter how close it does not count for verification.<br />
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;"><b>Advisory Data</b>: Iowa State
University</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt;">Iowa Environmental Mesonet, </span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0in;">VTEC</span><span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;"> Browser</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b>NWS Office CWFA Areal Coverage:</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline;">in SQ MI from NWS Service Manual
10-507</span></div>
<span style="font-family: "calibri"; font-size: 11pt; text-indent: 0in;">NOV 10, 2009</span><br />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-52727096283909951182017-06-16T10:16:00.003-04:002017-06-16T14:34:11.848-04:00Tornado Database Update from SPC<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
NOAA's Storm Prediction Center has updated the tornado database and all tornadoes from 1950 through 2016 are included.<br />
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Below are maps of all tornadoes, without comments I plotted from the data for the Cincinnati area.<br />
All maps plotted using the free, open source<i> MapWindows </i>GIS program and U.S. Taxpayer data from NOAA's Storm Prediction Center.<br />
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Click on any map for a larger version.<br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">National and Regional Maps</span></b><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">OHIO MAPS</span></b><br />
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<b style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;">KENTUCKY MAPS</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;"> INDIANA MAPS</span></b><br />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-25509794876834511372017-05-25T21:04:00.002-04:002017-09-24T16:06:18.152-04:00The "Duck Test" in Meteorology<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzxQfibA18ycFLCT9RytppuRiR2MHJvbKpG-GsecKR2DTW8-6cSQ7iX6pZKJhSFOniYrtJYDGgtY6SmwJpU0lnYEequ1gGk175xthkyfb74J7TN8uPejM241AocJd8JZ0hIQ8_JGiN8dgr/s1600/James_Whitcomb_Riley_1940_Issue-10c.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="716" data-original-width="633" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzxQfibA18ycFLCT9RytppuRiR2MHJvbKpG-GsecKR2DTW8-6cSQ7iX6pZKJhSFOniYrtJYDGgtY6SmwJpU0lnYEequ1gGk175xthkyfb74J7TN8uPejM241AocJd8JZ0hIQ8_JGiN8dgr/s200/James_Whitcomb_Riley_1940_Issue-10c.jpg" width="176" /></a></div>
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So what does James Whitcomb Riley, the great poet and author from Indiana have to do with the storms of March 24, 2017?<br />
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Riley, known as the "Hoosier Poet" and the "Children's Poet" is also credited with the following witticism, “When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck.”<br />
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Thus was born the "<b>Duck Test</b>", finding the simplest explanation for something you observe. Unfortunately the Duck Test often fails for complex systems like clouds associated with thunderstorms.<br />
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Let's re-phrase Riley's saying, When I see a cloud that moves like a tornado, touches the ground like a tornado and comes from a thunderstorm like a tornado, I call that cloud a tornado.<br />
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The problem is ... is that there are many low clouds that at first glance look like a tornado.<br />
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<b>RAIN SHAFTS</b><br />
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Take a look at this photo from NOAA.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-0IjCcnZbPwXJx1u02U76EQTtEDyXpNTY84v2Ck_wh8hIE0TAqCYGsKdmDllvXiLYkL0h8SiyyFBOiPTgPrEGbeMoMDxDiN3PBkhy1eimBDYCRf6nPwctn0X1IPKfJ9Eh4TQVpowi5JS/s1600/Supercell_rainshaft.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="569" data-original-width="432" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv-0IjCcnZbPwXJx1u02U76EQTtEDyXpNTY84v2Ck_wh8hIE0TAqCYGsKdmDllvXiLYkL0h8SiyyFBOiPTgPrEGbeMoMDxDiN3PBkhy1eimBDYCRf6nPwctn0X1IPKfJ9Eh4TQVpowi5JS/s320/Supercell_rainshaft.jpg" width="242" /></a></div>
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This is a rain shaft, an intense downpour from a thunderstorm in the Great Plains. We see rain shafts here too. Take a look at these 3 photos from FOX19 Viewers.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUqpo-ncBYuyyeK-Am7_scd9KOtGWbDLMuObCaYYVLZq6Xi9X6KLshcZU5SWMW-41v4chkoKImD5VPrAUlyh1KxGf0g4WrhnrmlqjYzGWbL7RylVxhAqXR0X7IMkldXbWzEosIKWJMR9y6/s1600/PicWx14_mary_campbell_mt_orab.jpg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUqpo-ncBYuyyeK-Am7_scd9KOtGWbDLMuObCaYYVLZq6Xi9X6KLshcZU5SWMW-41v4chkoKImD5VPrAUlyh1KxGf0g4WrhnrmlqjYzGWbL7RylVxhAqXR0X7IMkldXbWzEosIKWJMR9y6/s320/PicWx14_mary_campbell_mt_orab.jpg.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Mary Campbell - Rain Shaft</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRRlmQdeFsS03NxlONzm43Bsh5SLluz81ODRePGlhLa_gOh3GWi1GMFPtn18JXs_69udwRsmkR6yPilxKVbDWC37qBcWylImHgEV8w6xZNvRhDvPk4yfroz6oJNYebLEQqmEtoRZTK5Wt8/s1600/PicWx28+kelly+sears.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRRlmQdeFsS03NxlONzm43Bsh5SLluz81ODRePGlhLa_gOh3GWi1GMFPtn18JXs_69udwRsmkR6yPilxKVbDWC37qBcWylImHgEV8w6xZNvRhDvPk4yfroz6oJNYebLEQqmEtoRZTK5Wt8/s320/PicWx28+kelly+sears.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Kelly Sears - Rain Shaft</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtyqqZm7tEnpAJ8mFfwG847IXLJzJXytwhlIFxo_-Q7Ldav2izGQxR0KxOWgti29DQh90l3LXpBkx0EqZ24Um_-X5IkUT8VY6kVjCK31TqWdJeOVuVjVIJjCjLidM-A7q7Y9Betya-TuRV/s1600/PicWx24+rainshaft.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtyqqZm7tEnpAJ8mFfwG847IXLJzJXytwhlIFxo_-Q7Ldav2izGQxR0KxOWgti29DQh90l3LXpBkx0EqZ24Um_-X5IkUT8VY6kVjCK31TqWdJeOVuVjVIJjCjLidM-A7q7Y9Betya-TuRV/s320/PicWx24+rainshaft.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Photographer Not Known - Rain Shaft</div>
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Notice there are no horizontal striations or other indications of rotation. Rain shafts are often reported as tornadoes but they do not rotate and are not tornadoes.<br />
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<b>SCUD CLOUDS</b><br />
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How about this photo?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozaT-tQyrX6-ISV6D6OuyuZEUZb7gxFrEZmb9z9B8YJv7hnIUAVZxJJUjyxl4Ex3Y00RWC6rqAlgE7wDBf92E0zjm_7hBYtyfAlNT9XKSw49pv3RQtVecOykqqf4BoRsE_NgEdaXChJYE/s1600/scud.WashingtonPost.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="284" data-original-width="480" height="189" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgozaT-tQyrX6-ISV6D6OuyuZEUZb7gxFrEZmb9z9B8YJv7hnIUAVZxJJUjyxl4Ex3Y00RWC6rqAlgE7wDBf92E0zjm_7hBYtyfAlNT9XKSw49pv3RQtVecOykqqf4BoRsE_NgEdaXChJYE/s320/scud.WashingtonPost.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Scud clouds - Courtesy Washington Post.</div>
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Nope, not a tornado. It looks like one but there is no rotation, these are scud clouds.<br />
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Scud clouds can be very tornado-like. Clouds material gets caught up in the turbulence and down draft of a thunderstorm and can masquerade as a tornado.<br />
Here are three more scud cloud photos:<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsVB-KCKNIwTc23mtOneo7OVcBnxvw3xN38UQOzpsG7VnS4DvfM7sabnEVVzYE9AvhFCwu0FCrcEvOuWOBSDUoftPiUgWfFqSIw263xKleiq4U69pQXAZkUs-_H7YodHK14-oKvJneyVBU/s1600/scud-cloud-2.vk.com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="702" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsVB-KCKNIwTc23mtOneo7OVcBnxvw3xN38UQOzpsG7VnS4DvfM7sabnEVVzYE9AvhFCwu0FCrcEvOuWOBSDUoftPiUgWfFqSIw263xKleiq4U69pQXAZkUs-_H7YodHK14-oKvJneyVBU/s320/scud-cloud-2.vk.com.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Courtesy: strange.clouds.org</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilTl6Z33ReW87UCS14BQ6PyhzeFgc3zuElK2v8pVopV-ZxiuIfgrdrI-sYCBka3n8vcHcOJuax7gkzXDAKHiUPi1irNCClS9iARbV56AByPYTteNcb4rD-VrqTVN52fjTrAVW8-Q19TjWz/s1600/scud-cloud-1.vk.com.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="476" data-original-width="702" height="216" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilTl6Z33ReW87UCS14BQ6PyhzeFgc3zuElK2v8pVopV-ZxiuIfgrdrI-sYCBka3n8vcHcOJuax7gkzXDAKHiUPi1irNCClS9iARbV56AByPYTteNcb4rD-VrqTVN52fjTrAVW8-Q19TjWz/s320/scud-cloud-1.vk.com.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Courtesy: vk.com</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglGxmomceSOohS47MPVituQUo8SB9C-PFuXFAm9UJ3togRUre_JBA4NvCBBu9VrOnk3Mg7ptRDp1QzB524ING4RUXR6tKZn3m0T7IYqVc6kmFl-HtoSC_2LKpk4p0ETiJI7T5pO_wldrmm/s1600/scud-cloud.strange.clouds.org.kiev.ukraine.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="467" data-original-width="703" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglGxmomceSOohS47MPVituQUo8SB9C-PFuXFAm9UJ3togRUre_JBA4NvCBBu9VrOnk3Mg7ptRDp1QzB524ING4RUXR6tKZn3m0T7IYqVc6kmFl-HtoSC_2LKpk4p0ETiJI7T5pO_wldrmm/s320/scud-cloud.strange.clouds.org.kiev.ukraine.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Courtesy: vk.com</div>
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This one was taken by FOX19 NOW viewer Kathleen Niece in Glencoe, KY.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhya8wB9sF83aqRGEn0gqHSGi9AgseGF8pCt9B1KB7l4yp9rHtUl_gmLALVjzmeyrmyJTXdKHQivWhCBb7ZNlcMyvmgQc9ZpC2d1ilsLQ6bCYlp3gtaTrcDo2ViztyBplg1TA5Pd3Wv7H57/s1600/PicWx+kn+scud.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhya8wB9sF83aqRGEn0gqHSGi9AgseGF8pCt9B1KB7l4yp9rHtUl_gmLALVjzmeyrmyJTXdKHQivWhCBb7ZNlcMyvmgQc9ZpC2d1ilsLQ6bCYlp3gtaTrcDo2ViztyBplg1TA5Pd3Wv7H57/s320/PicWx+kn+scud.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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Photo by: Kathleen Niece</div>
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<b>WALL AND SHELF CLOUDS</b><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLaVVHGcl6jv9GDGIT3_mmBhoA2RyfwZaOlGNAgr02TDQ2Iax6wizPnAXG36oMM3cTOIwYFY-tkY0zXHZwelEeq_278VgZonNNq39b6FfbjkPG0sUnMkJZlJhbrX8TaFxTNYozWwXzRXrr/s1600/wall+cloud.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLaVVHGcl6jv9GDGIT3_mmBhoA2RyfwZaOlGNAgr02TDQ2Iax6wizPnAXG36oMM3cTOIwYFY-tkY0zXHZwelEeq_278VgZonNNq39b6FfbjkPG0sUnMkJZlJhbrX8TaFxTNYozWwXzRXrr/s320/wall+cloud.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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This is a scary looking thunderstorm, but there is not a tornado here. The wall cloud is large and low and wall clouds can partially descend to the ground.<br />
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Now take a look at these photos, sent to my by viewer Shannon Cross from Warren Co. last evening (WED may 24, 2017). She saved them from the Facebook pages of people in the area around Franklin and Carlisle, OH in Warren Co. and wanted to know if this was a big tornado like some people claimed.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnuuOFAAOceAovqd-dSakE5Vog5QmY0E-QHs2lZnCQRI-RCtdWI4rg3GcxMauB1iXUw4J0HEPI2cT9N1pVs1nuoy12RhvDaqdXMqKORHuLLlq2LvfjpreDM97ffriT-1wMRf5ZsnIMnzj/s1600/scudb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="876" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvnuuOFAAOceAovqd-dSakE5Vog5QmY0E-QHs2lZnCQRI-RCtdWI4rg3GcxMauB1iXUw4J0HEPI2cT9N1pVs1nuoy12RhvDaqdXMqKORHuLLlq2LvfjpreDM97ffriT-1wMRf5ZsnIMnzj/s320/scudb.jpg" width="292" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiai65kOlTUvEK1BGBdt20pWiol83zZQyWnmKcngn0sBMVaHgAI2PiR7FAiZVJLD23bvjB4iQOQzCoCuLm4JdKQ-FobGL38SEVbTeC83eviOmMg3Zd5Gn1Emb9XsfR-zKDXRvJm2Pj6uBTQ/s1600/FB_IMG_1495708064059.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="685" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiai65kOlTUvEK1BGBdt20pWiol83zZQyWnmKcngn0sBMVaHgAI2PiR7FAiZVJLD23bvjB4iQOQzCoCuLm4JdKQ-FobGL38SEVbTeC83eviOmMg3Zd5Gn1Emb9XsfR-zKDXRvJm2Pj6uBTQ/s320/FB_IMG_1495708064059.jpg" width="228" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3PiefZooxP-kv0sk6QEjkoNhMPvHZDNOG29GZWl4G4rxjfxXzgyyx5ivFeTCkDNmYItO_XkaT9bEo7omsSird0HywHruz_S_KNL-jIvWtSKh_ta2pTmrHvNwBhkzXjO78QNMGzKjIi-fP/s1600/scudc.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="540" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3PiefZooxP-kv0sk6QEjkoNhMPvHZDNOG29GZWl4G4rxjfxXzgyyx5ivFeTCkDNmYItO_XkaT9bEo7omsSird0HywHruz_S_KNL-jIvWtSKh_ta2pTmrHvNwBhkzXjO78QNMGzKjIi-fP/s320/scudc.jpg" width="180" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1fA31GiZABH5lw2sgnHUrMtwM_YY53rw4QEplk_OuJgEYL7K9fStpOtv2IfBpED_8rAuQMLHyOKQsaKlpp4Bd-ecOJQiIkEmOh8PuB9G_rzOkRUaBQdMJZUjT1QzyMbqcJD4_BVFTZx9p/s1600/FB_IMG_1495708058250.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="661" data-original-width="800" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1fA31GiZABH5lw2sgnHUrMtwM_YY53rw4QEplk_OuJgEYL7K9fStpOtv2IfBpED_8rAuQMLHyOKQsaKlpp4Bd-ecOJQiIkEmOh8PuB9G_rzOkRUaBQdMJZUjT1QzyMbqcJD4_BVFTZx9p/s320/FB_IMG_1495708058250.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b>The answer is, "NO"</b>, these pictures, of the same storm, do not show a tornado.<br />
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Evidence:<br />
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li>1 The rotation as shown on radar was very weak.</li>
<li>2. There are no - zero - damage reports</li>
<li>3. The photographs show us this is not a tornado</li>
<li>Photo A - No rotation evident, ragged edge like scud</li>
<li>Photo B - Still no rotation evident, dark back side looks interesting</li>
<li>Photo C - A better look at the back side - the descending cloud formation is hollow</li>
<li>Photo D - The air is descending at the back of the cloud, not rising like in a tornado - look at the curl!</li>
</ul>
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Weird clouds like these arise from the interplay of warm moist air flowing up and into the storm and cool, drier air sinking and flowing out of the storm.<br />
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Take a look at this amazing cloud photograph taken by Stephanie West in Hebron, KY on June 15, 2012.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR1T8pP5duG8vy7A3VRBQJjZo6j0noQWj7bsEWxLO9y25XF2OLcEUkWQlzuEvB4g6rcvr4hK6DVGZTvlJSO3RChPp36QYz5cwRxiOnJOIJOQ_6XLtxt9lE1FFXwwHP6sCpfKvxgkozf41f/s1600/Supercell_shelf_cloud.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="258" data-original-width="384" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiR1T8pP5duG8vy7A3VRBQJjZo6j0noQWj7bsEWxLO9y25XF2OLcEUkWQlzuEvB4g6rcvr4hK6DVGZTvlJSO3RChPp36QYz5cwRxiOnJOIJOQ_6XLtxt9lE1FFXwwHP6sCpfKvxgkozf41f/s320/Supercell_shelf_cloud.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8F_hyphenhyphenmtFbbS2NfZXsZxrudI52MfsbxG3J1axF8E33NkhIsGaJ5kBnMkAnieykhtyRMqyTWyjCxn6XWyJF0IbSjrGIRV76mW19yF3pxPjIfFIrLjezL3lPTAwdcBIG-eVL8x81d0zUoMfm/s1600/Supercell_shelf_HebronANNOTATED.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="432" data-original-width="648" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8F_hyphenhyphenmtFbbS2NfZXsZxrudI52MfsbxG3J1axF8E33NkhIsGaJ5kBnMkAnieykhtyRMqyTWyjCxn6XWyJF0IbSjrGIRV76mW19yF3pxPjIfFIrLjezL3lPTAwdcBIG-eVL8x81d0zUoMfm/s320/Supercell_shelf_HebronANNOTATED.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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This is a shelf cloud and it forms from the interplay of inflow and out flow as shown in the second version of her photograph. The cool outflow is more dense and the warm, moist inflow rises op and over it. Beneath the warm air clouds descend in the sinking air.<br />
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To show how different one cloud can look from different directions, here is the same cloud, at the same time from in front of it near CVG.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVpG5SjrWmsNK1HTDuK7snQxzLJb7tY2GM2xlddB6Z-vEeGIFMPZvLsxblHHdUjY2vZVfEJUV-ftHkd7E0FXUx_dlNQ0a9K7p3J7y0Ahlab-JmSc6OHTSyPAet2G8asUlUmhz12SHmS_Q/s1600/HEBRON06152010E.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhuVpG5SjrWmsNK1HTDuK7snQxzLJb7tY2GM2xlddB6Z-vEeGIFMPZvLsxblHHdUjY2vZVfEJUV-ftHkd7E0FXUx_dlNQ0a9K7p3J7y0Ahlab-JmSc6OHTSyPAet2G8asUlUmhz12SHmS_Q/s320/HEBRON06152010E.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Now ... imagine tilting the top photograph - left side up - and it does not take much imagination to get to what was seen in Warren Co.<br />
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So ...<br />
It does not move like a tornado (no rotation).<br />
It does not touch the ground like a tornado (no debris and no damage).<br />
It does not come from a thunderstorm like a tornado (descending air not rising.<br />
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So it is not a duck. Oops! I mean it is not a tornado. It is a formation of scud clouds.<br />
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Thank you James Whitcomb Riley<br />
<br />
Steve Horstmeyer<br />
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-62252694019805422272017-01-28T16:59:00.000-05:002017-01-28T16:59:50.199-05:00The Ohio River Flood of 1937<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="background-color: #666666; color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">January, 1937 was the wettest month in Cincinnati history with 13.68" of rain. Heavy rains were common during the second and third weeks of January, 1937 all over the Ohio River Basin and most of the Ohio River drainage area had precipitation totals 300% to 400% of normal.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="color: #1d2129; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">This resulted in the most devastating flood in Ohio River history. In Cincinnati the river was above flood stage for 431 consecutive hours and at the record setting crest OF 80' above datum (i.e. the refer</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">ence level) for 8 hours.</span></span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: #666666; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br />I plotted hourly river stages for you through the high water episode and re-drew a map from the FEB 1937 issue of "Monthly Weather Review" showing the heavy rain area.<br />In addition I graphed the highest and lowest river stages for each year from 1858 - 2014 and illustrated some highlights.</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show" style="background-color: #666666; color: #1d2129; display: inline; font-family: "helvetica neue" , "helvetica" , "arial" , sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br />Note when the Markland Dam went into operation. Contrary to popular myth the dam system on the Ohio River is to control low water levels and keep the river navigable and not for flood control.</span><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRw4fwFEXV7roYKKjfODXFDwYAX4Ajl5wRRSa2mLayzOTpScCdJaVlNybtAEJUBvZEV5GtP0CPq5IA2vRM2tWlz2JgUGRCYLY6fkQSvEQkBJWCvFkgUrDcxJx2Q4qHZtk9VWYfJzf9FqSr/s1600/Gene+Schott+L+and+Lee+GrissomCrosley.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRw4fwFEXV7roYKKjfODXFDwYAX4Ajl5wRRSa2mLayzOTpScCdJaVlNybtAEJUBvZEV5GtP0CPq5IA2vRM2tWlz2JgUGRCYLY6fkQSvEQkBJWCvFkgUrDcxJx2Q4qHZtk9VWYfJzf9FqSr/s400/Gene+Schott+L+and+Lee+GrissomCrosley.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Reds Pitcher Gene Schott - left - and Lee Grissom boating in Crosley Field</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQxvVMkDW81fBOconoMrzf8SbieRcxtLg4AVfCJFoNP3VmgCtLJzmblCveTF2qrZSB9Qlfy_DwQBnaK4S4IszkRr9Sda79QFQ52GxK6ilOPshpfpsnBuQGmNHw-Hcx8_GES9iqfj3HlZ82/s1600/Roebline2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQxvVMkDW81fBOconoMrzf8SbieRcxtLg4AVfCJFoNP3VmgCtLJzmblCveTF2qrZSB9Qlfy_DwQBnaK4S4IszkRr9Sda79QFQ52GxK6ilOPshpfpsnBuQGmNHw-Hcx8_GES9iqfj3HlZ82/s400/Roebline2.jpg" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Roebling Suspension Bridge, Jan 26, 1937.</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGCy_hqvCfHaWMqSJLiJ7DBLHGXdmLAybfoKajLJGyJlQDRgeZRtaUaZBilIJ_Koo4pASyGcMoIVtFTgNF930b2FmA_rkl4JSXrHXfEPgorXw_qNi0sMuOOkizQFIF5XLg1O9frxmOeUrU/s1600/Roebline.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGCy_hqvCfHaWMqSJLiJ7DBLHGXdmLAybfoKajLJGyJlQDRgeZRtaUaZBilIJ_Koo4pASyGcMoIVtFTgNF930b2FmA_rkl4JSXrHXfEPgorXw_qNi0sMuOOkizQFIF5XLg1O9frxmOeUrU/s400/Roebline.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQxvVMkDW81fBOconoMrzf8SbieRcxtLg4AVfCJFoNP3VmgCtLJzmblCveTF2qrZSB9Qlfy_DwQBnaK4S4IszkRr9Sda79QFQ52GxK6ilOPshpfpsnBuQGmNHw-Hcx8_GES9iqfj3HlZ82/s1600/Roebline2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQxvVMkDW81fBOconoMrzf8SbieRcxtLg4AVfCJFoNP3VmgCtLJzmblCveTF2qrZSB9Qlfy_DwQBnaK4S4IszkRr9Sda79QFQ52GxK6ilOPshpfpsnBuQGmNHw-Hcx8_GES9iqfj3HlZ82/s400/Roebline2.jpg" width="297" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">John Roebling Suspension Bridge, Jan 26, 1937.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzfEqxBIS82M7TJSvpuUYEXpnyauuw-KC_dox79C5bHedDDbfP_btydNleps-uVHQvgrgbmQsftuLXKSVng8L4B4mXmHJ8OoZImIpVNeJv9lRfcS_9HrEN99ZpSu-TF0F4fbUHXxIyenbJ/s1600/cumminsville.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="408" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzfEqxBIS82M7TJSvpuUYEXpnyauuw-KC_dox79C5bHedDDbfP_btydNleps-uVHQvgrgbmQsftuLXKSVng8L4B4mXmHJ8OoZImIpVNeJv9lRfcS_9HrEN99ZpSu-TF0F4fbUHXxIyenbJ/s640/cumminsville.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cumminsville - The ramp is from Central Parkway.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PhnugbZvJ3G5xGwBUdDVM1duht2JmgARZmQPzbpFtR8XqzBXZDOh7R-quIgoSp1arjUjaiM3eIW-XKG5pfmUAXCnjaiqoV9l5oDHlZchEZfFPvjzS1mRZbynY95DqKMr98Ce1Ub7qqan/s1600/mwrRainMap.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_PhnugbZvJ3G5xGwBUdDVM1duht2JmgARZmQPzbpFtR8XqzBXZDOh7R-quIgoSp1arjUjaiM3eIW-XKG5pfmUAXCnjaiqoV9l5oDHlZchEZfFPvjzS1mRZbynY95DqKMr98Ce1Ub7qqan/s640/mwrRainMap.png" width="505" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Rainfall, amount and percent of normal, January 1937. <i><b>Monthly Weather Review,</b></i> Feb. 1937</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip5ULi8pT-F8d_yol0ZE-XbBetRDmtz-o90sC8BQxJDibXCI9dewAOlCpT6GNAmCHgFYCyPZD4hnlTfbU6YsOtZASNKpOTZtnQCi-rez9Uq-62ezS3mth21ooDcNnz-Kj7JI90qtto7u2o/s1600/rainmap.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEip5ULi8pT-F8d_yol0ZE-XbBetRDmtz-o90sC8BQxJDibXCI9dewAOlCpT6GNAmCHgFYCyPZD4hnlTfbU6YsOtZASNKpOTZtnQCi-rez9Uq-62ezS3mth21ooDcNnz-Kj7JI90qtto7u2o/s400/rainmap.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Simplified version of map above. Steve Horstmeyer</td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ6bpMGDd4NG_Blme8ZO1W5hX3seAffXY-uKgdSsKnnKuMgdPwFmWMYulW32Od4kJaTLZwTiYG65fcMhAg79-AYrZossMivDTt6cHnXNqHhKUFEVRWSjwCnOgQgSqjqeXW8UFaoAPHZZtA/s1600/Stages.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ6bpMGDd4NG_Blme8ZO1W5hX3seAffXY-uKgdSsKnnKuMgdPwFmWMYulW32Od4kJaTLZwTiYG65fcMhAg79-AYrZossMivDTt6cHnXNqHhKUFEVRWSjwCnOgQgSqjqeXW8UFaoAPHZZtA/s400/Stages.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Graph of data above - Hourly Stages of the Ohio River at Cincinnati. Steve Horstmeyer</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">High and Low Ohio River Stages at Cincinnati 1858 - 2014. Steve Horstmeyer</td></tr>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-24149631824838573002017-01-28T16:41:00.000-05:002017-01-28T17:12:33.266-05:00The Great Blizzard of 1978<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: #666666;">From WED JAN 25 through FRI JAN 27, 1978 the Great Blizzard of '78 visited - or should I say pummeled - Cincinnati.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #666666;">On the 25th the high was 37 with 0.84" of rain soaking the soil and everything else. It changed to very heavy wet snow that evening and overnight and as the temperature plummeted to -1° by dawn on the 26th. The slushy snow froze solid and more snow fell on top of it. The official snow total was 6.9".</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">I lived in Silverton, OH at the time and we had 3"- 4" o</span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="display: inline; font-family: inherit;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">f solid ice with an inch or two of snow on top. No one could really tell how much fell because wind gusts were as high as 50 mph, blowing the snow into 4 feet high drifts and sweeping other areas clear of snow.</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #666666;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">The death toll was high: Indiana - 11, Kentucky - 5 and Ohio 51. Twenty-two of those either froze to death or died of hypothermia when trying to walk from stranded cars</span><span style="font-family: inherit;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #666666;">Meteorologists say a storm like this "bombed" - meaning rapid explosive development and the very low pressure set new record low values across Ohio. In fact the pressure at Cleveland was the lowest outside of a hurricane in the continental U.S. for years.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #666666;">The barometric pressure graph I plotted from hourly data at CVG. The photos (in order CVG, Eden park, I-275 at Exit 84 in NKY and a store front in Covington) are courtesy of the Kenton County Public Library and the weather maps are from NOAA.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieaM74s3yC5rJLijb4WwKdJVFQJsQ58dt_aPjnvCcN73oksB0fAtsaoagHK_MGjNDSatCYaLk7cJTlKCuqFvbynLFmBEGap_OcDyNQGjH4MZ1SDimaXtDYb6az2eGAAyeOX0DDsryKTN1X/s1600/CVG+KenCoPubLib.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #666666; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieaM74s3yC5rJLijb4WwKdJVFQJsQ58dt_aPjnvCcN73oksB0fAtsaoagHK_MGjNDSatCYaLk7cJTlKCuqFvbynLFmBEGap_OcDyNQGjH4MZ1SDimaXtDYb6az2eGAAyeOX0DDsryKTN1X/s400/CVG+KenCoPubLib.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">Clearing Snow at CVG</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLttwuAHLVIiIoDzeKCvs3opdGiJjmKeZ7DiKd7qo6G9SavpcxpiP5U6w_90GGzB0ilkcZ30qkDeyZn6nEJ1BytAU7r1aefjnHJYLRTw0tIW5awjg0Kq6HuRUAh0h1-jhAOum5PcHO1AUX/s1600/eden+Park+KenCoPubLib.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #666666; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLttwuAHLVIiIoDzeKCvs3opdGiJjmKeZ7DiKd7qo6G9SavpcxpiP5U6w_90GGzB0ilkcZ30qkDeyZn6nEJ1BytAU7r1aefjnHJYLRTw0tIW5awjg0Kq6HuRUAh0h1-jhAOum5PcHO1AUX/s320/eden+Park+KenCoPubLib.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">Eden Park</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH2_uWJRISVx-dAYy7_eJBtEo2ZMaCLBKK7Iuqx9pxST6Pind-0Yu5k9ZSCpJLi604SU7NdmKsrjxBsWeFfE6sBtxkrjpSTsppIoQaZXpnPrafV2bD399pxMZ8NIUvuUM7dCXipjwtr4SH/s1600/I275+NKY+ex+84+KenCoPubLib.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #666666; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH2_uWJRISVx-dAYy7_eJBtEo2ZMaCLBKK7Iuqx9pxST6Pind-0Yu5k9ZSCpJLi604SU7NdmKsrjxBsWeFfE6sBtxkrjpSTsppIoQaZXpnPrafV2bD399pxMZ8NIUvuUM7dCXipjwtr4SH/s320/I275+NKY+ex+84+KenCoPubLib.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">I-275 N. Kentucky near Exit 84.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhStKZe3agirnmY9FHvM-UH4KpnoGJuei7vgWOwz-v6A829ZlLX8qCZ54W-T_uIkVfEyi87OHIL25MAa5sqkxEvv7Uj8ZRfEjlqpUWCA6n98rQI-AqxUFDuep8rUEa-5iKGGQxkajAIw0vZ/s1600/map1.24.jpg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #666666; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhStKZe3agirnmY9FHvM-UH4KpnoGJuei7vgWOwz-v6A829ZlLX8qCZ54W-T_uIkVfEyi87OHIL25MAa5sqkxEvv7Uj8ZRfEjlqpUWCA6n98rQI-AqxUFDuep8rUEa-5iKGGQxkajAIw0vZ/s320/map1.24.jpg.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">All Maps at 7AM the day indicated.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UOPmfG44A4VDMlWYLDqdle110kVDgf-C9ZgnQyK59ZKH5UeC4kG-O8Nd0r61VaPU8AbBoNKzLCKpQttQUK_7XoOjz5JbjODBW8x9tVJF8bVeby8Nh9pHcqkonwEu0RqbMwt2m8n5ruXS/s1600/Covington+Store+Front+KenCoPubLib.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #666666; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh2UOPmfG44A4VDMlWYLDqdle110kVDgf-C9ZgnQyK59ZKH5UeC4kG-O8Nd0r61VaPU8AbBoNKzLCKpQttQUK_7XoOjz5JbjODBW8x9tVJF8bVeby8Nh9pHcqkonwEu0RqbMwt2m8n5ruXS/s320/Covington+Store+Front+KenCoPubLib.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">Covington store front.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Ssp2iLJPCoSVjNaKY_875nyiMGpU1FI6pbC2t3S0pSBxu1loWpPG9oj4Lwu_pKBUvH3PUde0fOUhlcAxDJEx210HFC8lFV8DctJ3ojCbFi1zh4X2IKs3IgJLrpxTIaK9ty9hrzWyvExr/s1600/mslp_graph.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #666666; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0Ssp2iLJPCoSVjNaKY_875nyiMGpU1FI6pbC2t3S0pSBxu1loWpPG9oj4Lwu_pKBUvH3PUde0fOUhlcAxDJEx210HFC8lFV8DctJ3ojCbFi1zh4X2IKs3IgJLrpxTIaK9ty9hrzWyvExr/s320/mslp_graph.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #666666;">Hourly pressure at CVG by Steve Horstmeyer.</span></td></tr>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3906050817686730086.post-16496817788014818572015-03-02T08:00:00.000-05:002015-03-02T08:14:19.452-05:00Three Years Back - The Tornadoes of March 2, 2012<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: large;"><b>CLICK on any image for a larger view</b></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Crittenden-Piner-Morning View EF4 tornado just after touchdown before it struck Piner, KY. <br />
Taken from south of Crittenden. .Photographer unknown.</td></tr>
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Three times in my 36 year career I have looked at the camera and told my viewers to stop watching and take cover immediately.<br />
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The first was June 2, 1990 when Harrison, OH and many other communities were struck by a F3 tornado (the EF system began Feb. 1, 2007).<br />
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The second time was during the early morning hours of April 9, 1999 when a F4 tornado struck first near Rexville, IN and travelled through Sycamore Twp. and Blue Ash.<br />
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March 2, 2012 was the third. That's an average of once time every 12 years.<br />
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No matter how long a TV meteorlogist is on the air, no matter what we do someone will not get the life-saving information they need. On March 2, 2012, 9 individuals died.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhal4fFu0tNMHotLKjXK00G6yi15rhv2Fng_1ZKp7xZxJGvrZWM0nBpWsQgzGPWCy3dHdWMXB37e1uP5I-2dE01hjez7Xl0xv4hVS34XuKDN_K2-Ys3U_cdToNnDtzMCgNdYtlRF2_wNBKE/s1600/longtrackMAP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhal4fFu0tNMHotLKjXK00G6yi15rhv2Fng_1ZKp7xZxJGvrZWM0nBpWsQgzGPWCy3dHdWMXB37e1uP5I-2dE01hjez7Xl0xv4hVS34XuKDN_K2-Ys3U_cdToNnDtzMCgNdYtlRF2_wNBKE/s1600/longtrackMAP.jpg" height="350" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">We tracked the supercells from 10:20AM EST (15:20z) until nearly 7PM EST (00z March 3). That 's 8.5 hours as they travelled more that 500 miles. </td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Satellite Views</span></center>
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The GOES East satellite loop showing the progression of the tornadic supercells.</center>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPYhm4yGVnydvBtusVD8jJ0Er5_VfFKMrr3W8hq7p9x7uyrDk5PDPFbcmxPaVo8cbaO5jR62W9qxB5K6LpBgHOD9lH1tq0_cc1RuUmVMwBjtaGSX-2l4Ta6KLSKlAZqlkBw-HitfB8adcb/s1600/02MAR2012-2133-2141Z.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPYhm4yGVnydvBtusVD8jJ0Er5_VfFKMrr3W8hq7p9x7uyrDk5PDPFbcmxPaVo8cbaO5jR62W9qxB5K6LpBgHOD9lH1tq0_cc1RuUmVMwBjtaGSX-2l4Ta6KLSKlAZqlkBw-HitfB8adcb/s1600/02MAR2012-2133-2141Z.png" height="144" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: left;">POES (Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite) NOAA-15 HRPT image strip taken on 02Mar2012, from 2133 to 2141z (4:33 to 4:41 PM EST). Tornadic thunderstorms moving through the Cincinnati tristate area.</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWiWFNAXIt8MQ_J41v7puQoM0-XuxanKppjoggBd2PTh06DIK_LQPw57Yo7m1s93OZoB3fMoYuxmd9o74SrMGXCOGwDfBHP_tS52akpGXByHYsSGf8_FetgAwbFhXL79QgW66aVx8ncsF/s1600/2012March02_2133zNOAA15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJWiWFNAXIt8MQ_J41v7puQoM0-XuxanKppjoggBd2PTh06DIK_LQPw57Yo7m1s93OZoB3fMoYuxmd9o74SrMGXCOGwDfBHP_tS52akpGXByHYsSGf8_FetgAwbFhXL79QgW66aVx8ncsF/s1600/2012March02_2133zNOAA15.png" height="310" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Enlargement of the NOAA-15 image strip above. Cincinnati at the yellow circle.</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2mj-b5ksj2x4FMukLN2beU0tFkAMKD9eo1v3TJ8mAZ1daGiIPToguUbnDaYCth0Y0H1yJIQtR4E9Q4YIfSQdTtacLXrTlSrs-FzMBoP6bSSLN6e80PP6tFhX8gBQBAlag-nNPagcPhXk/s1600/2012March02_2133zNOAA15annotated.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgv2mj-b5ksj2x4FMukLN2beU0tFkAMKD9eo1v3TJ8mAZ1daGiIPToguUbnDaYCth0Y0H1yJIQtR4E9Q4YIfSQdTtacLXrTlSrs-FzMBoP6bSSLN6e80PP6tFhX8gBQBAlag-nNPagcPhXk/s1600/2012March02_2133zNOAA15annotated.png" height="310" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The "V" shape indicates the storms were energized by a jet-streak which is a strong disturbance in the jet stream</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: large;">Tornado Hook Echoes</span></h4>
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Take a look at the 4 radar images below. They are from the EF4 and EF3 tornadoes that struck the FOX19 NOW viewing area 2 March 2012. The first two images are fro just before the Crittenden-Piner-Fiskburg-Morning View tornado struck Piner, KY. The third is from the Peach Grove-Moscow-Hamersville tornado and the fourth is from the Holton, IN tornado.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5wdlHFRlz8x5Wwp1KCMygT6qSOMtiK1rawNzk13StWxrkGewFzNRE50rbSfClLzR3dijmBkKhrtevwDFsP6b2YvjJI27ckl0KWDy3ZXuRyuywi_4-eh12rIg6cnSlhG-hYaP_NkMsbnF_/s1600/TCVG_20120302212657_2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5wdlHFRlz8x5Wwp1KCMygT6qSOMtiK1rawNzk13StWxrkGewFzNRE50rbSfClLzR3dijmBkKhrtevwDFsP6b2YvjJI27ckl0KWDy3ZXuRyuywi_4-eh12rIg6cnSlhG-hYaP_NkMsbnF_/s1600/TCVG_20120302212657_2.png" height="370" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Here is what TCVG, the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar near CVG in Kenton County, KY at 4:21:26:57 PM EST (21:26:57 UTC) Friday 2 March 2012.The well defined hook echo, just minutes before the tornado struck Piner, KY is </span></span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">attenuated</span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;"> by heavy rain at the radar site (blank circle north of the hook). A debris ball is visible near the end of the hook. Just what is a </span><span style="font-size: x-small; text-align: left;">debris ball? It is parts of houses, trees, peoples memories and prized possesions aducted and pirated away by the 160 mph winds of the EF4 Crittenden-Piner-Fiskburg-Morning View tornado.</span></div>
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Steve Horstmeyerhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10777060450013617247noreply@blogger.com0